Industrial Moisture and Humidity Measurement: A Practical Guide -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 Water - Substance of Life -- 1.1 Water as a Natural Resource -- 1.2 Physical and Chemical Properties of Water -- 1.2.1 The Water Molecule -- 1.2.2 Physical Properties -- 1.2.3 Chemical Properties -- 1.3 Significance of Water for Energy Conversion -- 1.4 General Terminology -- Further Reading -- 2 Thermodynamic Terms and Definitions -- 2.1 Terms in Humidity Measurement -- 2.1.1 Description of the Gas Water Vapor Pressure -- 2.1.2 Gas Temperature Definitions -- 2.1.3 The Psychrometric Equation -- 2.1.4 Definitions of Parameters Expressed in Amounts of Substance, Concentrations, and Ratios -- 2.1.5 Additional Terms and Definitions -- 2.2 Terms in Moisture Measurement in Solid and Liquid Materials -- 2.2.1 Types of Water Bonds in Solids and Liquids -- 2.2.1.1 Water in Solids -- 2.2.1.2 Water in Liquids -- 2.2.1.3 Surface Pores, Gradation, and Capillaries -- 2.2.2 Terms and Definitions of Moisture Measurement Parameters in Solids -- 2.2.3 Gas Humidity and Moisture in Solids -- 2.2.4 Terms and Definitions of Drying Process Parameters -- 2.2.5 Additional Terms and Definitions -- 2.3 Terms and Definitions in Measurement and Controlling Technology -- 2.3.1 Description of Sensors in Monitoring and Control Technology -- 2.3.2 Terms used in Control -- 2.3.3 Sensor Parameters -- 2.3.4 Measurement Uncertainty -- References -- Further Reading -- 3 Water in Solid, Liquid, and Gaseous Materials -- 3.1 Specialties of Solid and Liquid Materials -- 3.2 Contact and Noncontact Measurement Methods -- 3.3 Bonding Types of Water in Solid and Liquid Materials -- 3.4 Analogy Models -- References -- Further Reading -- 4 Moisture and Humidity Measurement Methods in Solid, Liquid, and Gaseous Substances -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Measurement of Electrical and Magnetic Properties.

4.2.1 Measurement Principle -- 4.2.2 Low-Frequency Method -- 4.2.2.1 Measurement Principle -- 4.2.2.2 Technical Implementation -- 4.2.3 High-Frequency Method -- 4.2.3.1 Measurement Principle -- 4.2.3.2 Technical Implementation -- 4.2.4 Microwave Method -- 4.2.4.1 Measurement Principle -- 4.2.4.2 Technical Implementation -- 4.2.5 Radar Method -- 4.2.5.1 Measurement Principle -- 4.2.5.2 Technical Implementation -- 4.2.5.3 Specialties -- 4.3 Measurement of Water Vapor Pressure in Gases -- 4.3.1 Metal Oxide Sensors -- 4.3.1.1 Physical Principle -- 4.3.1.2 Technical Implementation -- 4.3.1.3 Principal Application -- 4.3.2 Quartz Microbalance -- 4.3.2.1 Physical Principle -- 4.3.2.2 Technical Implementation -- 4.3.2.3 Principal Application -- 4.3.3 Psychrometer -- 4.3.3.1 Physical Principle -- 4.3.3.2 Technical Implementation -- 4.3.3.3 Mathematical Description of Psychrometers -- 4.3.4 Capacitive Polymer Sensors -- 4.3.4.1 Physical Principle -- 4.3.4.2 Technical Implementation -- 4.3.4.3 Specialties -- 4.3.5 Dew Point Mirror -- 4.3.5.1 Physical Principle -- 4.3.5.2 Technical Implementation -- 4.3.6 Zirconium Oxide Devices -- 4.3.6.1 Technical Implementation -- 4.3.7 Measurements Based on Geometric Changes of Natural and Artificial Materials -- 4.3.7.1 Physical Principle -- 4.3.7.2 Technical Implementation -- 4.3.7.3 Technical Implementation of Hygrometers with Size-Varying Material -- 4.3.8 Resistive Sensors -- 4.3.8.1 Physical Principle -- 4.3.8.2 Technical Implementation -- 4.4 Water Content Measurements Using Chemical Methods -- 4.4.1 Coulometric Measurement -- 4.4.1.1 Measurement Principle -- 4.4.1.2 Technical Implementation -- 4.4.1.3 Specialties -- 4.4.2 Calcium Carbide -- 4.4.2.1 Measurement Principle -- 4.4.2.2 Technical Implementation -- 4.4.3 Calcium Hydride -- 4.4.3.1 Measurement Principle -- 4.4.3.2 Technical Implementation.

4.4.4 Karl Fischer Titration -- 4.4.4.1 Principle -- 4.4.4.2 Technical Implementation -- 4.4.4.3 Applications -- 4.4.5 Humidity Indicator -- 4.4.5.1 Principle -- 4.4.5.2 Technical Realization -- 4.4.5.3 Applications -- 4.5 Measurement of the Optical Properties of Water and Water Vapor -- 4.5.1 Measurements in the Infrared Spectral Range -- 4.5.1.1 Physical Principle -- 4.5.1.2 Technical Implementation -- 4.5.1.3 Measurement in Liquids -- 4.5.1.4 Measurement in Opaque Materials -- 4.5.2 Measurement in the UV Range -- 4.5.2.1 Technical Implementation -- 4.5.3 Measurement with Optical Fibers -- 4.5.3.1 Physical Principle -- 4.5.3.2 Technical Implementation -- 4.5.4 Measurement of Mie Scattering by Water Droplets -- 4.5.4.1 Physical Principle -- 4.5.4.2 Technical Implementation -- 4.5.5 Holographic Measurement of Water Droplets -- 4.5.5.1 Physical Principle -- 4.5.5.2 Digital Holography -- 4.5.5.3 Technical Implementation -- 4.6 Measurement of Acoustic Properties of Water Vapor -- 4.6.1 Physical Principle -- 4.6.2 Technical Implementation -- 4.7 Measurement of Suction Pressure in Solid Materials -- 4.7.1 Tensiometry -- 4.7.1.1 Physical Principle -- 4.7.1.2 Technical Implementation -- 4.7.2 Gypsum Block Method -- 4.7.2.1 Physical Principle -- 4.7.2.2 Technical Implementation -- 4.7.2.3 Special Designs -- 4.8 Measurement of Nuclear Properties of Water -- 4.8.1 Neutron Measurement -- 4.8.1.1 Physical Principle -- 4.8.1.2 Technical Implementation -- 4.8.2 Devices Based on Gamma Radiation -- 4.8.2.1 Physical Principle -- 4.8.2.2 Technical Implementation -- 4.9 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy -- 4.9.1 Physical Principle -- 4.9.2 Technical Implementation -- 4.10 Thermogravimetry -- 4.10.1 Physical Principle -- 4.10.2 Technical Implementation -- 4.10.2.1 Heat Sources -- 4.10.2.2 Drying with Desiccants -- 4.10.2.3 Oven Drying Method.

4.11 Measurement of the Thermal Properties of Solids -- 4.11.1 Physical Principle -- 4.11.2 Technical Implementation -- 4.11.3 Measurement of Water Movement -- 4.11.4 Moisture Measurement in Insulating Materials -- 4.12 Nanostructured Measurement Devices -- 4.12.1 Contact Methods -- 4.12.2 Noncontact Methods -- 4.12.3 Nanometrology -- References -- Further Reading -- 5 Selection of a Measurement Method -- 5.1 Assessment of the Measurement Task -- 5.1.1 Defining the Goal of a Measurement -- 5.1.2 Conditions at the Measurement Location -- 5.2 Evaluation of Different Measurement Methods -- 5.2.1 Selection Strategies -- 5.2.2 Evaluation According to the Application -- 5.2.2.1 Other Moisture and Humidity Measurement Methods -- 5.3 Selection of Hardware -- 5.3.1 Comparison of Measurement Equipment -- 5.3.2 Cost Calculation -- 5.3.3 Determining Material-Specific Parameters -- 5.3.3.1 Laboratory Measurements -- 5.3.3.2 Measurement Under Real Production Conditions -- Further Reading -- 6 Reliability and Traceability of Measurements -- 6.1 Metrological Terminology -- 6.1.1 Measurand -- 6.1.2 Accuracy -- 6.1.3 Precision -- 6.1.4 Reproducibility -- 6.1.5 Repeatability -- 6.1.6 Systematic Error -- 6.1.7 Random Error -- 6.1.8 Measurement Uncertainty -- 6.1.9 Calibration -- 6.1.10 Adjustment -- 6.1.11 Measurement Standard (Etalon) -- 6.1.12 Reference Standard -- 6.1.13 Reference Material -- 6.1.14 Industrial Standard -- 6.2 Moisture and Humidity Metrology -- 6.2.1 Calibration Case Studies -- 6.3 Typical Terms in Industrial Applications -- References -- 7 Moisture Measurement in Meteorology, Agriculture, and the Environment -- 7.1 Agriculture and Horticulture -- 7.1.1 Water Content in Soil and Agricultural Substrates -- 7.1.1.1 Bonding of Water in Soil Substrate -- 7.1.1.2 Measurement of Soil Moisture -- 7.1.2 Moisture in Agricultural Products -- 7.1.2.1 Grain.

7.1.3 Climate Control Equipment in Agriculture and Horticulture -- 7.1.4 Wetting and Dewing of Fruits and Leaves -- 7.1.4.1 Wetting of Plantations -- 7.1.4.2 Wetting Measurement Directly at the Plant -- 7.1.5 Measurement of Product Freshness -- 7.2 Waste Management -- 7.2.1 Measurement in Recycling Products -- 7.2.1.1 Moisture in Biofilters -- 7.2.1.2 Moisture in Compost -- 7.2.2 Moisture Measurement in Incinerator Flue Gas -- 7.2.2.1 Techniques for Dew Point Measurement in Acids -- 7.3 Measurement of Weather Conditions -- 7.3.1 Electronic Recording Devices for Outdoor Climate Measurements -- 7.3.1.1 Measurement of Snow Moisture -- 7.3.2 Meteorological Stations for Specialized Applications -- 7.3.3 Evaluation of Road Conditions -- 7.3.3.1 Road Conditions in Winter -- 7.3.3.2 Measurement of Relevant Road Condition Parameters -- 7.3.4 Humidity Measurement at High Altitude -- 7.3.4.1 Airplane Equipment for Humidity Measurement -- 7.3.4.2 High-Altitude Humidity Measurement from the Ground -- References -- Further Reading -- 8 Applications in the Food and Beverage Industry -- 8.1 Water Activity Measurement -- 8.1.1 Water Activity as a Parameter in the Food Industry -- 8.1.2 Water Activity Measurement -- 8.1.2.1 Static Water Activity Measurement -- 8.1.2.2 Dynamic Water Activity Measurement -- 8.1.2.3 Cryostatic aw Measurement -- 8.1.3 Sorption Isotherms -- 8.1.3.1 Measurement of Sorption Isotherms -- 8.1.3.2 Surface Water -- 8.1.4 Reference Methods -- 8.2 Food Processing -- 8.2.1 Moisture Measurement in Meat and Sausage Products -- 8.2.1.1 Evaluation of Measurement Methods -- 8.2.1.2 Product Monitoring -- 8.2.2 Production Control -- 8.2.2.1 Inspection of Incoming Goods -- 8.2.2.2 Influence of the Ambient Climate -- 8.2.2.3 Moisture Measurement During Particular Stages of Processing -- 8.3 Monitoring and Control of Production Stages in the Food Industry.

8.3.1 Moisture Measurement and Control During Coffee Production.