An Introduction to Synchrotron Radiation -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 A Potted History of X-rays -- 1.2 Synchrotron Sources Over the Last 50 Years -- References -- 2. The Interaction of X-rays with Matter -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum -- 2.3 Thomson Scattering -- 2.4 Compton Scattering -- 2.5 Atomic Scattering Factors -- 2.5.1 Scattering From a Cloud of Free Electrons -- 2.5.2 Correction Terms for the Atomic Scattering Factor -- 2.6 The Refractive Index, Reflection and Absorption -- 2.6.1 The Refractive Index -- 2.6.2 Refraction and Reflection -- 2.6.3 Absorption -- 2.7 X-ray Fluorescence and Auger Emission -- 2.7.1 X-ray Fluorescence -- 2.7.2 Auger Emission -- 2.7.3 Fluorescence or Auger? -- 2.8 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 3. Synchrotron Physics -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Overview -- 3.3 Radiation From Relativistic Electrons -- 3.3.1 Magnetic Deflection Fields -- 3.3.2 Radiated Power Loss in Synchrotrons -- 3.4 Radio Frequency Power Supply and Bunching -- 3.5 Photon Beam Properties -- 3.5.1 Flux and Brilliance -- 3.5.2 Emittance -- 3.5.3 Coherence -- 3.5.4 Polarization of Synchrotron Radiation -- 3.6 Bending Magnets and Superbends -- 3.7 Insertion Devices -- 3.7.1 Wigglers -- 3.7.2 Worked Example: The SLS Materials Science Beamline Wiggler -- 3.7.3 Undulators -- 3.8 Future Sources of Synchrotron Light -- 3.8.1 The Energy Recovery Linac -- 3.8.2 The Free-Electron Laser -- 3.8.3 Tabletop Synchrotrons -- 3.9 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 4. Beamlines -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Front End -- 4.2.1 Beam-Position Monitors -- 4.2.2 Primary Aperture and Front-End Slits -- 4.2.3 Low-Energy Filters -- 4.3 Primary Optics -- 4.3.1 X-ray Mirrors -- 4.3.2 Mirror Focal Lengths - The Coddington Equations -- 4.3.3 Monochromators -- 4.3.4 Focusing Geometry.

4.4 Microfocus and Nanofocus Optics -- 4.4.1 Lens Types -- 4.5 Beam Intensity Monitors -- 4.6 Detectors -- 4.6.1 Photographic Plates -- 4.6.2 Scintillator Detectors -- 4.6.3 The Point-Spread Function -- 4.6.4 Crystal Analysers -- 4.6.5 Image Plates and Charge-Coupled Devices -- 4.6.6 Pixel and Microstrip Detectors -- 4.6.7 Energy-Dispersive Detectors -- 4.7 Time-Resolved Experiments -- 4.7.1 Avalanche Photodiodes -- 4.7.2 Streak Cameras -- 4.8 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 5. Scattering Techniques -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Diffraction at Synchrotron Sources -- 5.3 Description of Crystals -- 5.3.1 Lattices and Bases -- 5.3.2 Crystal Planes -- 5.3.3 Labelling Crystallographic Planes and Axes -- 5.4 Basic Tenets of X-ray Diffraction -- 5.4.1 Introduction -- 5.4.2 The Bragg Law and the Reciprocal Lattice -- 5.4.3 The Influence of the Basis -- 5.4.4 Kinematical and Dynamical Diffraction -- 5.5 Diffraction and the Convolution Theorem -- 5.5.1 The Convolution Theorem -- 5.5.2 Understanding the Structure Factor -- 5.6 The Phase Problem and Anomalous Diffraction -- 5.6.1 Introduction -- 5.6.2 The Patterson Map -- 5.6.3 Friedel's Law and Bijvoet Mates -- 5.6.4 Anomalous Diffraction -- 5.6.5 Direct Methods -- 5.7 Types of Crystalline Samples -- 5.8 Single Crystal Diffraction -- 5.8.1 Laue Diffraction -- 5.8.2 Single Crystal Diffraction With Monochromatic X-rays -- 5.9 Textured Samples -- 5.9.1 Worked Example - Microdiffraction of Ancient Textiles -- 5.10 Powder Diffraction -- 5.10.1 Introduction -- 5.10.2 Basics of Powder Diffraction -- 5.10.3 Worked Example - Structural Solutions Made Easy -- 5.10.4 The Pair-Distribution Function -- 5.11 Protein Crystallography -- 5.11.1 Introduction -- 5.11.2 Geometry and Resolution -- 5.11.3 Solving the Phase Problem in PX -- 5.11.4 Worked Example - Cracking the Rabies Virus Protection Shield.

5.11.5 Protein Powder Diffraction -- 5.11.6 Time-Resolved Studies -- 5.12 Ultrafast Diffraction Using Femtoslicing -- 5.13 Surface Diffraction -- 5.13.1 Introduction -- 5.13.2 Crystal Truncation Rods -- 5.13.3 Superstructure Rods -- 5.13.4 Data Acquisition -- 5.13.5 Worked Example - The Surface of Strontium Titanate -- 5.14 Resonant X-ray Diffraction -- 5.15 X-ray Reflectometry -- 5.15.1 Introduction -- 5.15.2 Reflection of X-rays and the Fresnel Equations -- 5.15.3 Thin Films and Multilayers -- 5.15.4 Worked Example - Monitoring Monolayer-for-Monolayer Thin Film Growth -- 5.16 Small-Angle X-ray Scattering -- 5.16.1 Introduction -- 5.16.2 Theory -- 5.16.3 Practical Considerations -- 5.16.4 Worked Example - The Shape of Memory -- 5.16.5 Grazing-Incidence SAXS -- 5.17 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 6. Spectroscopic Techniques -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 X-ray Absorption Processes -- 6.2.1 Energy Level Schemes of Atoms, Molecules and Solids -- 6.2.2 Absorption Features -- 6.3 Photoelectron Energies, Wavelengths and Absorption Regions -- 6.4 X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Structure, XANES -- 6.4.1 Introduction -- 6.4.2 The XANES Signal -- 6.4.3 Worked Example - Preservation of the Seventeenth-Century Warship Vasa -- 6.5 Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure, EXAFS -- 6.5.1 Introduction -- 6.5.2 The EXAFS Signal -- 6.5.3 Worked Example - Resistance of Lichens to Metallic Pollution -- 6.5.4 Time-Resolved Absorption Spectroscopy -- 6.6 Fluorescence Spectroscopies -- 6.6.1 Introduction -- 6.6.2 X-ray Fluorescence -- 6.6.3 Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering -- 6.6.4 X-ray Standing Waves -- 6.7 Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscopy, STXM -- 6.7.1 Introduction -- 6.7.2 The Water Window -- 6.7.3 Modes in STXM -- 6.7.4 Worked Example - Extraterrestrial Origins of Life -- 6.8 Photoemission Electron Microscopy -- 6.8.1 Basics of PEEM.

6.8.2 Worked Example - The Sea Urchin's Tooth -- 6.8.3 PEEM and Magnetic Dichroism -- 6.9 Photoemission Spectroscopy -- 6.9.1 Introduction -- 6.9.2 Ultraviolet Photoemission Spectroscopy -- 6.9.3 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy -- 6.10 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 7. Imaging Techniques -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Computed Microtomography -- 7.2.1 Introduction -- 7.2.2 General Concepts -- 7.2.3 Practical Considerations -- 7.2.4 Phase-Contrast Tomography -- 7.2.5 Soft X-ray Tomography -- 7.2.6 Worked Example - The Spread of Hominoids -- 7.3 Lensless Imaging -- 7.3.1 Introduction -- 7.3.2 Speckle -- 7.3.3 Noncrystalline and Crystalline Samples -- 7.3.4 Ptychography -- 7.3.5 X-ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy -- 7.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Appendix: Physical Constants Relevant to Synchrotron Radiation -- Index.