Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- 1. Preamble -- References -- 2. Mechanisms for Bioeffects of Ultrasound Relevant to Therapeutic Applications -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 General considerations -- 1.2 Traveling plane wave -- 2 Thermal Considerations -- 2.1 Temperature distributions: One dimension -- 2.2 Acoustic pressure distributions: Three dimensions -- 2.2.1 Piston in a baffle -- 2.2.2 Small source -- 2.2.3 Acoustic field on the axis of a piston source -- 2.2.4 Other situations -- 2.3 Biological effects of heat: Reaction kinetics -- 3 Acoustic Radiation Force and Related Topics -- 3.1 Intensity and power -- 3.2 Radiation force and radiation pressure -- 3.3 Radiation force on small particles -- 4 Acoustic Streaming and Acoustic Radiation Torque -- 4.1 Quartz-wind streaming -- 4.2 Near-boundary streaming -- 5 Activation of Gas Bodies -- Cavitation -- Bubbles -- 5.1 Bubble dynamics -- moderate amplitudes -- 5.2 Heating -- 5.3 Bubble growth -- 5.4 Radiation force on a small gas body in a plane traveling wave -- 5.5 Radiation force on a small gas body in a plane standing wave -- 5.6 Radiation force between two small gas bodies in a sound field -- 5.7 Radiation force on a particle near a small gas body -- 5.8 Role of gas bodies in acoustic streaming and microstreaming -- 6 Nonlinearity -- 6.1 Nonlinear propagation and some of its implications -- 6.2 Nonlinear activation of gas bodies -- inertial cavitation -- 6.3 Techniques for detection of small gas-filled cavities and monitoring of cavitation activity -- 6.4 Bioeffects resulting from activation of gas bodies including inertial cavitation -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- 3. Ultrasound-Mediated Gene Therapy -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Biophysical Foundations -- 2.1 Bioeffects of ultrasound -- 2.2 Methods for ultrasound-mediated gene transfer.

2.2.1 Ultrasound exposure systems -- 2.2.2 Means of cavitation enhancement -- 2.2.3 Genetic material configuration -- 2.3 Basic in vitro research -- 2.3.1 Sonoporation -- 2.3.2 Transfection -- 2.3.3 Relevance of in vitro tests to in vivo conditions -- 3 Ultrasound-mediated Gene Transfer In Vivo -- 3.1 Cancer -- 3.2 Endovascular tissue -- 3.3 Skeletal muscle -- 3.4 Myocardium -- 3.5 Other potential applications -- 4 Ultrasound-Mediated Gene Therapy -- 4.1 Cancer -- 4.2 Muscular ischemia -- 4.3 Myocardial infarction -- 4.4 Vascular restenosis -- 4.5 Transplant rejection -- 4.6 Renal fibrosis -- 4.7 Dental injury -- 5 Problems and Prospects -- 5.1 Problems -- 5.2 Prospects -- 5.3 Conclusion -- References -- 4. Emerging Technologies Using Ultrasound for Drug Delivery -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Historical Background -- 3 Stroke Therapy -- 4 Microbubbles -- 5 Regenerative Medicine -- 6 Breakthrough in Developmental Research -- 7 Sonodynamic Therapy -- 8 Molecular Imaging and Therapy -- 9 Conclusions and Outlook -- References -- 5. MRI-guided Focused Ultrasound for Local Tissue Ablation and Other Image-guided Interventions -- 1 Introduction -- 2 MRI for Guidance Monitoring and Control of FUS -- 3 Clinical MRI-guided Focused Ultrasound Surgery Devices -- 3.1 Fixed focus devices -- 3.2 A phased array system for uterine fibroid and breast cancer treatments -- 3.3 Brain treatments -- 4 Pre-clinical Research of MRI-guided Interventions -- 4.1 Intracavitary applicators -- 4.1.1 Prostate treatments -- 4.1.2 Trans-esophageal focused ultrasound ablation -- 4.2 Utilization of cavitation effects -- 4.2.1 Bubble enhanced heating -- 4.2.2 Mechanical destruction of tissue -- 4.3 Vascular effects -- 4.3.1 Blood vessel occlusion -- 4.3.2 Thrombolysis -- 4.3.3 Blood-brain barrier disruption -- 4.4 Gene therapy -- 5 Conclusions -- References.

6. Sonoporation Gene Transfection Anticancer Drug and Antibody Delivery Using Ultrasound -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Demonstration of Sonoporation -- 3 The Effects of Optison Concentration -- 4 Microstreaming Generated by EMBs Near Cells -- 5 Delivery of DNA Using Sonoporation and Electroporation -- 5.1 Plasmid DNA preparation -- 5.2 Cell preparation -- 5.3 Ultrasound exposure and calibration -- 5.4 Electroporation procedure -- 5.5 Flow cytometer -- 5.6 Experimental results -- 6 Delivery of Antibodies and Anticancer Drug Using Sonoporation and Electroporation -- 6.1 Cell preparation -- 6.2 Ultrasound exposure and calibration -- 6.3 Flow Cytometer -- 6.4 Experimental results and discussion -- 6.5 Discussion and summary -- Appendix -- References -- 7. Low-Frequency Sonophoresis: Ultrasound- Mediated Transdermal Drug Delivery -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Avoiding drug degradation in the gastrointestinal tract -- 1.2 Better patient compliance -- 1.3 Sustained release of the drug can be obtained -- 2 Ultrasound in Medical Application -- 3 Historical Overview of Sonophoresis -- 4 Low-Frequency Sonophoresis -- 5 Sonophoresis: Choice of Parameters -- 6 Macromolecular Delivery -- 6.1 Peptides and proteins -- 6.2 Low-molecular weight heparin -- 6.3 Oligonucleotides -- 6.4 Vaccines -- 7 Transdermal Extraction of Analytes Using Sonophoresis -- 8 Mechanism of Low-Frequency Sonophoresis -- 9 Synergistic Effect of Ultrasound and Other Mechanism -- 9.1 Ultrasound and chemical enhancers -- 9.2 Ultrasound and iontophoresis -- 9.3 Ultrasound and electroporation -- 10 Mathematical Modeling of Sonophoresis -- 11 Safety of Low-Frequency Ultrasound -- References.

8. Clinical Applications of High Intensity Focused Ultrasound in the Treatment of Patients with Solid Malignancy -- 1 Introduction -- 2 History of Extracorporeal HIFU -- 3 Mechanism of HIFU Ablation -- 4 HIFU Therapeutic Plan -- 4.1 Pre-HIFU planning -- 4.2 Imaging for HIFU planning -- 4.3 Tumor volume localization -- 4.4 Acoustic path for ultrasound energy entry -- 4.5 Ultrasonic properties of overlying tissues -- 4.6 Therapeutic planning using HIFU device -- 5 HIFU 3-D Conformal Therapy -- 6 Imaging in HIFU -- 6.1 Medical images used in HIFU -- 6.2 Medical imaging for HIFU planning -- 6.3 Medical imaging for HIFU procedure -- 6.4 Follow-up imaging for assessment of HIFU ablation -- 7 Clinical Applications of Extracorporeal HIFU -- 7.1 Purposes of HIFU treatment -- 7.2 Anesthesia selection for HIFU procedure -- 7.3 HIFU treatment for liver cancer -- 7.4 HIFU treatment for breast cancer -- 7.5 HIFU treatment for osteosarcoma -- 7.6 HIFU treatment for other malignancies -- 7.7 Complications of HIFU treatment -- 8 Future of HIFU -- Appendix-Glossary -- References -- Index.