The Role of GREEN CHEMISTRY IN BIOMASS PROCESSING AND CONVERSION -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contributors -- About the Editors -- 1 Introduction of Biomass and Biorefineries -- 1.1 INTRODUCTION -- 1.2 BIOREFINERY TECHNOLOGIES AND BIOREFINERY SYSTEMS -- 1.2.1 Background -- 1.2.2 Lignocellulosic Feedstock Biorefinery -- 1.2.3 Whole-Crop Biorefinery -- 1.2.4 Green Biorefinery -- 1.2.5 The Two-Platforms Biorefinery Concept -- 1.3 PLATFORM CHEMICALS -- 1.3.1 Background -- 1.3.2 The Role of Biotechnology in Production of Platform Chemicals -- 1.3.3 Green Biomass Fractionation and Energy Aspects -- 1.3.4 Mass and Energy Flows for Green Biorefining -- 1.3.5 Assessment of Green Crop Fractionation Processes -- 1.4 GREEN BIOREFINERY: ECONOMIC AND ECOLOGIC ASPECTS -- 1.5 OUTLOOK: PRODUCTION OF L-LYSINE-L-LACTATE FROM GREEN JUICES -- 1.6 GENERAL CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 2 Recent Advances in Green Chemistry -- 2.1 INTRODUCTION -- 2.2 GREEN CHEMISTRY -- 2.2.1 The Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry [1] -- 2.3 EXAMPLES OF THE TWELVE PRINCIPLES OF GREEN CHEMISTRY -- 2.3.1 Prevention -- 2.3.2 Atom Economy -- 2.3.3 Less Hazardous Chemical Syntheses -- 2.3.4 Designing Safer Chemicals -- 2.3.5 Safer Solvents and Auxiliaries -- 2.3.6 Design for Energy Efficiency -- 2.3.7 Use of Renewable Feedstocks -- 2.3.8 Reduce Derivatives -- 2.3.9 Catalysis -- 2.3.10 Design for Degradation -- 2.3.11 Real-time Analysis for Pollution Prevention -- 2.3.12 Inherently Safer Chemistry for Accident Prevention -- 2.4 CONCLUSION -- 2.5 OUTLOOK -- 2.5.1 Ranitidine Synthesis from Renewable 5-(Chloromethyl)furfural -- 2.5.2 "One-Pot" Organocatalysis -- ABBREVIATIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 3 Biorefinery with Ionic Liquids -- 3.1 INTRODUCTION -- 3.2 IONIC LIQUIDS AND THEIR GREENNESS LEADING TO A SUSTAINABLE BIOREFINERY.

3.3 IONIC LIQUIDS FOR BIOMASS PROCESSING AND CONVERSION -- 3.3.1 Mechanism of Dissolving Biopolymers by Ionic Liquids -- 3.3.2 The Concept of Ionic Liquids-Based Biorefinery -- 3.3.3 Wood Chemistry in Ionic Liquids -- 3.3.4 Sustainable Materials from Biomass in Ionic Liquids -- 3.3.5 Value-Added Chemicals from Biomass in Ionic Liquids -- 3.3.6 Production of Biodiesel with Ionic Liquids -- 3.4 TOXICITY AND ECOTOXICITY OF IONIC LIQUIDS FOR BIOREFINERY -- 3.4.1 Introduction -- 3.4.2 Toxicity Studies -- 3.4.3 Toxicity of ILs Used in Biorefinery (Rogers Subset) -- 3.4.4 Biodegradation of ILs Used in Biorefinery -- 3.4.5 Conclusion for Toxicity and Biodegradation of Ionic Liquids -- 3.5 CONCLUSIONS AND PROSPECTS -- 3.6 RELATED IONIC LIQUIDS: FULL NAME AND ABBREVIATION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 4 Biorefinery with Water -- 4.1 INTRODUCTION -- 4.2 RATIONALE FOR BIOREFINERY WITH WATER -- 4.2.1 Energy Efficiency of Processing Biomass in SCW -- 4.2.2 Unique and Tunable Properties of Water at SCW Conditions -- 4.2.3 Suitable Medium for Biomass Extraction, Pretreatment, Fractionation, and Conversion -- 4.3 WATER PRETREATMENT OF LIGNOCELLULOSICS FOR PRODUCING BIOFUELS/BIOCHEMICALS/BIOMATERIALS -- 4.4 WATER EXTRACTION OF VALUE-ADDED CHEMICALS -- 4.4.1 Hot-Water Extraction (HWE) of Hardwoods -- 4.4.2 Noncarbohydrate-Derived Material Dissolved During HWE -- 4.4.3 Insol fraction -- 4.4.4 Sol Fraction -- 4.4.5 Potential Use of Noncarbohydrate-Derived Material Dissolved During HWE -- 4.4.6 Adhesives -- 4.4.7 Lignin-Based Polymer Blends -- 4.4.8 Production of Oxygenated Aromatic Compounds -- 4.4.9 Isolation and Potential Use of the Sol Fraction -- 4.5 BIOMASS PYROLYSIS AND GASIFICATION IN WATER -- 4.5.1 Biomass Pyrolysis in Water -- 4.5.2 Biomass Gasification in Water -- 4.6 CHEMICAL CONVERSION OF BIOMASS IN SCW -- 4.6.1 Hemicelluloses and Cellulose.

4.6.2 Monosaccharides -- 4.6.3 Lignin -- 4.6.4 Triglycerides and Fatty Acids -- 4.6.5 Glycerol -- 4.6.6 Proteins and Amino Acids -- 4.7 OPPORTUNITIES, CHALLENGES, AND OUTLOOK -- REFERENCES -- 5 Supercritical CO2 as an Environmentally Benign Medium for Biorefinery -- 5.1 INTRODUCTION -- 5.2 PROPERTIES OF CO2 -- 5.3 USING CO2 WITHIN THE BIOREFINERY -- 5.4 EXTRACTION WITH CO2 -- 5.5 EXTRACTION OF LIPIDS -- 5.6 EXTRACTION OF SECONDARY METABOLITES FROM LIGNO-CELLULOSIC FEEDSTOCKS -- 5.6.1 Potential Applications of Cuticle "Waxes" -- 5.6.2 Economic Considerations when Extracting with Supercritical CO2 -- 5.6.3 Biomass Densification -- 5.7 REACTIONS IN SUPERCRITICAL CO2 -- 5.8 CONCLUSIONS AND PROSPECTIVES -- REFERENCES -- 6 Dissolution and Application of Cellulose in NaOH/Urea Aqueous Solution -- 6.1 INTRODUCTION -- 6.2 DISSOLUTION OF CELLULOSE IN NaOH/UREA AQUEOUS SOLUTION AT LOW TEMPERATURE AND MECHANISM -- 6.3 SOLUTION PROPERTIES -- 6.4 NEW CELLULOSE MATERIALS PREPARED FROM THE NOVEL SOLVENT SYSTEMS -- 6.4.1 Novel Cellulose Fibers -- 6.4.2 Novel Cellulose Film -- 6.4.3 Novel Cellulose Gels -- 6.4.4 Innovative Medium for Synthesizing Cellulose Derivatives -- 6.5 SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 7 Organosolv Biorefining Platform for Producing Chemicals, Fuels, and Materials from Lignocellulose -- 7.1 INTRODUCTION -- 7.2 ABOUT ORGANOSOLV ETHANOL PROCESS -- 7.3 CHEMISTRY OF ORGANOSOLV ETHANOL PROCESS -- 7.3.1 Reaction of Lignin -- 7.3.2 Reaction of Cellulose and Hemicellulose -- 7.4 ORGANOSOLV ETHANOL PROCESS AS A BIOREFINING PLATFORM -- 7.4.1 Description of Organosolv Ethanol Biorefining Platform -- 7.4.2 Mass Balance of Organosolv Ethanol Pretreatment -- 7.5 ENZYMATIC DIGESTIBILITY OF ORGANOSOLV ETHANOL SUBSTRATE -- 7.6 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS OF ORGANOSOLV ETHANOL LIGNIN -- 7.6.1 Properties of Organosolv Ethanol Lignin.

7.6.2 Polymeric Materials Based on Organosolv Ethanol Lignin -- 7.7 CARBON FIBERS FROM ORGANOSOLV LIGNIN -- 7.8 ANTIOXIDATION CAPACITY OF ORGANOSOLV LIGNIN -- 7.9 CHEMICALS RECOVERABLE FROM ORGANOSOLV ETHANOL PROCESS -- 7.10 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- 8 Pyrolysis Oils from Biomass and Their Upgrading -- 8.1 INTRODUCTION -- 8.2 BIO-OIL PREPARATION -- 8.3 BIO-OIL -- 8.3.1 Composition and Physicochemical Properties -- 8.3.2 Compositions of Bio-Oil -- 8.4 UPGRADING OF BIO-OILS -- 8.4.1 Hydrogenation -- 8.4.2 Catalytic Cracking -- 8.4.3 Steam Reforming -- 8.4.4 Emulsification -- 8.4.5 Converting into Stable Oxygenated Compounds -- 8.4.6 Chemicals Extracted From Bio-Oils -- 8.4.7 Other Bio-Oil Upgrading Methods -- 8.5 CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 9 Microwave Technology for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery -- 9.1 INTRODUCTION -- 9.2 PRINCIPLES AND FEATURES OF MICROWAVE HEATING -- 9.3 ABSORBED MICROWAVE POWER AND PENETRATION DEPTH -- 9.4 MICROWAVE IRRADIATION SYSTEM FOR WOODY BIOMASS PRETREATMENT -- 9.4.1 Microwave-Assisted Reactions for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery -- 9.4.2 Microwave-Assisted Reactions with Ammonium Molybdate and H2O2 for Enzymatic Saccharification of Lignocellulosics -- 9.4.3 Microwave-Assisted Glycerolysis of Recalcitrant Softwood -- 9.5 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS -- REFERENCES -- 10 Biorefinery with Microbes -- 10.1 BRIEF INTRODUCTION OF BIOTRANSFORMATION -- 10.2 THE GREENNESS OF MICROBIAL TRANSFORMATION -- 10.3 BIOCONVERSION OF BIOMASS INTO BIOFUELS -- 10.3.1 Biomass as the Feedstock -- 10.3.2 Bioethanol -- 10.3.3 Biobutanol -- 10.3.4 Biodiesel and Related Products -- 10.4 BIOCONVERSION OF BIOMASS INTO COMMODITY CHEMICALS -- 10.5 OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES -- 10.6 OUTLOOK -- REFERENCES -- 11 Heterogeneous Catalysts for Biomass Conversion -- 11.1 BRIEF INTRODUCTION OF GREENNESS OF HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS.

11.2 DESIGN AND SELECTION OF HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSTS -- 11.2.1 Solid Acid and Base Catalysts -- 11.2.2 Supported Metal Catalysts -- 11.3 OVERVIEW OF RECENT ADVANCES ON NEW HETEROGENEOUS CATALYTIC SYSTEMS -- 11.3.1 Heterogeneously Catalyzed Production of HMF from Biomass -- 11.3.2 Cellulose Conversion to Polyols with Heterogenous Catalysts -- 11.3.3 Biodiesel Production Over Heterogeneous Catalysts -- 11.4 OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES -- 11.5 OUTLOOK -- REFERENCES -- 12 Catalytic Conversion of Glycerol -- 12.1 INTRODUCTION -- 12.2 CATALYTIC HYDROGENOLYSIS OF GLYCEROL INTO DIOLS -- 12.2.1 The Production of 1,2-Propylene Glycol -- 12.2.2 Production of 1,3-Propylene Glycol -- 12.2.3 Selective Formation of Ethylene Glycol -- 12.3 CATALYTIC OXIDATION OF GLYCEROL TO VALUABLE CHEMICALS -- 12.3.1 Oxidation of Primary Hydroxyl to Produce Glyceric Acid -- 12.3.2 Oxidation of Secondary Hydroxyl to Produce Dihydroxyacetone -- 12.4 DEHYDRATION OF GLYCEROL TO VALUABLE INTERMEDIATES -- 12.4.1 Production of Acetol -- 12.4.2 Production of Acrolein -- 12.4.3 Oxidative Dehydration of Glycerol to the Acrylic Acid and Acrolein -- 12.5 PRODUCTION OF FUEL AND FUEL ADDITIVES FROM GLYCEROL -- 12.5.1 Etherification of Glycerol to Fuel Additives -- 12.5.2 Reforming of Glycerol to H2 Gas or Syngas -- 12.6 OTHER RECENT UTILIZATIONS OF GLYCEROL -- 12.7 OUTLOOK -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 13 Ultrasonics for Enhanced Fluid Biofuel Production -- 13.1 INTRODUCTION -- 13.2 ULTRASONICS -- 13.2.1 Power -- 13.3 NEAR AND FAR FIELD -- 13.3.1 Frequency -- 13.3.2 Ultrasound Generation -- 13.3.3 Effects in Liquids -- 13.4 BIOFUELS FEEDSTOCK AND PROCESSING -- 13.4.1 Summary of Chemical Pathways -- 13.4.2 Current Generation, Next Generation, and Advanced Fuels -- 13.5 ULTRASONICS AND BIOFUELS -- 13.5.1 Pretreatment -- 13.5.2 Fermentation -- 13.5.3 Transesterification.

13.5.4 Oil Extraction.