Micro and Nano Manipulations for Biomedical Applications -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- 1.1 The Third Industrial Revolution? -- 1.1.1 The First Industrial Revolution-Manufacturing and Transportation -- 1.1.2 The Second Industrial Revolution-Computer and Communication -- 1.1.3 The Third Industrial Revolution-Health and Environment? -- 1.2 Microtechnologies and Nanotechnologies -- 1.2.1 Challenges and Opportunities in Nanotechnology -- 1.2.2 Micromanipulations and Nanomanipulations -- 1.3 Applications and Trends -- 1.3.1 Biomedical Science and Engineering -- 1.3.2 Health Care and Environmental Applications -- References -- Chapter 2 Nanotechnology Applications in Cancer Imaging and Therapy -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Nanotechnology Approaches for In Vivo Diagnostics -- 2.2.1 Molecular Imaging Approaches for In Vivo Diagnostics -- 2.2.2 Nanotechnology-Based Contrast Agents for In Vivo Imaging -- 2.3 Nanotechnology-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Cancer Therapy -- 2.3.1 Fundamental Requirements for Drug Delivery Systems -- 2.3.2 Cancer Therapy Approaches Using Nanotechnologies -- 2.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3 Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles -- 3.2.1 Synthesis Approaches to Noble Metal Nanoparticles -- 3.2.1.1 Introduction -- 3.2.1.2 Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles -- 3.2.2 Synthesis of Magnetic Metal Nanoparticles -- 3.3 Novel Properties of Metal Nanoparticles -- 3.3.1 Unique Properties of Noble Metal Nanoparticles -- 3.3.2 Magnetic Properties of Metallic Nanoparticles -- 3.4 Application of Metal Nanoparticles in Biomedicine -- 3.4.1 Biomedical Detection Using Novel Metal Nanoparticles -- 3.4.1.1 Au Nanoparticles -- 3.4.1.2 Ag Nanoparticles -- 3.4.2 Drug Delivery and Biosensing with Magnetic Nanoparticles.

3.5 Specific Properties of Quantum Dots -- 3.6 Quantum Dots as Fluorescent Biological Labels -- 3.6.1 Disadvantages of Organic Dyes, Traditional Biological Labels -- 3.6.2 Beneficial Quantum Dot Optical and Spectral Properties -- 3.7 Quantum Dots in Biomedical Applications -- References -- Chapter 4 Microactuators for In Vivo Imaging and Micromanipulators in Minimally Invasive Procedures -- 4.1 Minimally Invasive Procedure Applications -- 4.2 Endoscopic and In Vivo Imaging Applications -- 4.2.1 In Vivo Scanning Microscope -- 4.2.2 In Vivo Optical Coherent Tomography Imaging -- 4.3 Micromanipulators for Minimally Invasive Procedures -- 4.3.1 Microtools -- 4.3.2 Sensors in Micromanipulators -- 4.3.3 Navigation -- 4.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5 Microactuators -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Electrostatic Actuators -- 5.3 Thermal Actuators -- 5.4 Piezoelectric Actuators -- 5.5 Shape Memory Alloy Actuators -- 5.6 Magnetic Actuators -- 5.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6 Optical Nanomanipulation in a Living Cell -- 6.1 Two-Photon Fluorescence Microscopy -- 6.1.1 Introduction -- 6.1.2 A Brief Analytical Description -- 6.2 Second-Harmonic-Generation Micro -- 6.2.1 Introduction -- 6.2.2 Nonlinear Optical Processes -- 6.2.3 Single-Molecule Cross Section -- 6.2.4 Biological Membrane Imaging -- 6.3 Laser-Induced Microdissection -- 6.3.1 Summary -- 6.3.2 Introduction to Optical Dissection -- 6.3.3 Three-Dimensional Imaging and Optical Dissection by Nonlinear Optical Microscopy -- 6.3.4 Physical Characterization of Nanosurgery -- 6.3.5 Mitotic Spindle Positioning -- 6.3.6 Mitotic Spindle Elongation -- 6.4 Optical Trapping -- 6.4.1 Summary -- 6.4.2 Introduction to Optical Tweezers -- 6.4.3 Optical Trapping Inside Yeast Cells -- 6.4.4 Laser-Induced Nucleus Displacement.

6.4.5 Motion of a Displaced Interphase Nucleus Back to the Cell Center by Microtubule Pushing -- 6.4.6 Asymmetric Cell Division as a Result of Nucleus Displacement DuringInterphase -- 6.4.7 Division Plane Determination in Early Prophase -- 6.5 Optical Knockout -- 6.5.1 Introduction -- 6.5.2 One-Photon CALI -- 6.5.3 Micro-CALI -- 6.5.4 Multiphoton CALI -- 6.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 7 Dielectrophoretic Methods forBiomedical Applications -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Theory -- 7.2.1 Dielectrophoresis -- 7.2.2 Dielectric Properties of Bioparticles and Biomolecules -- 7.3 Dielectrophoretic Approaches to Bioparticle Manipulation and Characterization -- 7.3.1 Differential Manipulation of Bioparticles -- 7.3.2 Filtration and Concentration of Bioparticles -- 7.3.3 Manipulating Cells for Subsequent Analysis -- 7.3.4 Cell Patterning and Tissue Engineering -- 7.3.5 Characterizing Cell Physiology by Dielectrophoresis -- 7.4 Dielectrophoretic Approaches to Molecular Assays -- 7.4.1 Microparticle-Based Systems -- 7.4.2 Droplet-Based Systems: Digital Microfluidics -- 7.5 Conclusions and Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 8 Design, Analysis, Modeling, Simulation,and Control of Microscale and Nanoscale Cell Manipulations -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 Overview of Micropositioning and Nanopositioning Systems Based on Piezoactuators -- 8.1.2 Applications of Piezoactuated Micropositioning and Nanopositioning Systems -- 8.2 Construction of the Micro-Nano Robot as a Mechatronic System -- 8.2.1 Conceptual Design of Piezo-Actuated Microrobot Development -- 8.2.2 Robot RoTeMiNa for Cell Micromanipulation and Nanomanipulation -- 8.2.3 Design of the Micro Stage Robot -- 8.2.4 Design of the Nano Stage Robot -- 8.2.5 Teleoperated Control.

8.3 Differential Kinematics of a Hybrid Robot for Cell Micromanipulations and Nanomanipulations -- 8.3.1 Link and Joint Numbering -- 8.3.2 Oriented Graph Attached to the Mechanism -- 8.3.3 Matrix Description of Graph -- 8.3.3.1 Incidence Links-Joints Matrix G -- 8.3.3.2 Incidence Cycles-Joints Matrix C -- 8.3.4 Geometric Jacobean -- 8.3.4.1 Frame Position and Orientation -- 8.3.4.2 Joint Screws -- 8.3.4.3 Numerical Example -- 8.3.4.4 Row Reduced Form and the Rank of Jacobean -- 8.3.4.5 Number of Jacobean Columns -- 8.3.5 Degrees of Freedom -- 8.3.6 Independent Equations for the Inverse Kinematics -- 8.4 Hardware and Software for the Development of Micropositioning and Nanopositioning Systems -- 8.4.1 Guidelines for Development -- 8.4.2 Sensors for Feedback -- 8.4.3 Unified Approach for Functional Task Formulation -- 8.5 Intelligent Control of Piezoactuated Robot Using an Approximated Hysteresis Model in Micromanipulations and Nanomanipulations -- 8.5.1 Introduction -- 8.5.2 The Mathematical Model of Hysteresis -- 8.5.2.1 Preprocessing Data -- 8.2.5.2 The Mathematical Model -- 8.5.3 The Neuro-Fuzzy Inverse Model -- 8.5.4 The Control System Structure -- 8.5.5 Multiobjective Optimal PI/PID Controller Design Using Genetic Algorithms -- 8.6 Experimental Results -- 8.7 Extension of the Method and Limitations -- 8.8 Discussion and Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 9 Dynamics Modeling and Analysis for Gene Manipulations -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 Current Status -- 9.1.2 Requirements for Gene Delivery -- 9.1.3 Methods for Gene Delivery -- 9.1.3.1 Viral Vector Method -- 9.1.3.2 Nonviral Methods -- 9.2 Electroporation -- 9.2.1 Electrode -- 9.2.2 Electric Pulse -- 9.2.3 Tissue Damage -- 9.2.4 Gene Expression Efficiency -- 9.2.5 Dynamics Modeling -- 9.3 Hydroporation -- 9.4 Sonoporation -- 9.4.1 Impact of Ultrasound Frequency.

9.4.2 Impact of Ultrasound Intensity -- 9.4.3 Impact of Ultrasound Exposure Time -- 9.4.4 Cell Damage with Sonoporation -- 9.4.5 Dynamic Modeling -- 9.5 Microneedle and Microinjection -- 9.5.1 Microneedle -- 9.5.2 Microinjection -- 9.6 Optoinjection and Optoporation -- 9.7 Magnetofection -- 9.8 Gene Gun -- 9.8.1 Introduction -- 9.8.1.1 Bench-Top Gene Gun -- 9.8.1.2 Handheld Gene Gun -- 9.8.2 Dynamic Modeling -- 9.9 Summary and Comparison of the Physical Methods -- 9.10 Summary and Future Challenges -- References -- About the Authors -- Index.