Nano-Optics and Near-Field Optical Microscopy -- Contents -- Preface -- Part I: Nano-Optics and Near-Field Microscopy -- Chapter 1: Optics at the Nanometer Scale -- 1.1 The Age of Nanometer Science and Technology -- 1.2 The Role of Optics -- 1.2.1 Unsurpassed Chemical Specificity -- 1.2.2 Limitations -- 1.2.3 Topics in Near-Field Optics -- 1.3 Near-Field Optical Microscopy -- 1.3.1 Standard Design -- 1.3.2 NOM Probes -- 1.3.3 Image Formation -- 1.3.4 Modes of Operation -- 1.3.5 Image Interpretation/Computational Methods -- 1.3.6 Applications -- 1.4 Historical Background -- 1.4.1 NFO Before the Dawn of Nanometer Science and Technology -- 1.4.2 Antennas in Front of an Interface Between Two Media -- 1.4.3 Molecule in Front of Another Medium -- 1.4.4 Fluorescence Resonant Energy Transfer (FRET) -- 1.4.5 Rayleigh and Mie Scattering of Light -- 1.4.6 Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) -- 1.4.7 Transmission of Small Apertures -- 1.4.8 Early Proposals for Super-Resolution Optical Microscopy -- 1.5 The "Age" of Nano-Optics -- 1.5.1 Start-up Phase (1984-1994) -- 1.5.2 Consolidation and Generalization -- 1.5.3 Outlook -- References -- Chapter 2: Near-Field Photonic Forces -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Basic Theory of Forces Due to Electromagnetic Fields -- 2.2.1 Maxwell's Stress Tensor -- 2.3 The Dipole Approximation -- 2.4 Force on a Dipolar Particle Due to an Evanescent Wave -- 2.5 Force on Particles upon Surfaces -- 2.5.1 Dipolar Particles -- 2.5.2 Particles with Sizes on the Order of the Wavelength -- 2.6 Forces and Surface Topography: Nanoparticle Resonances -- 2.7 Optical Binding -- 2.8 Optical Tweezers: Nanomanipulation with an Apertureless Probe -- 2.8.1 Manipulation of Lossless Particles -- 2.8.2 Manipulation of Dielectric and Absorbing Particles -- 2.8.3 Manipulation of Metallic Particles -- 2.9 Nanomanipulation with a Photonic Crystal.

2.10 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Nano-Optics with Single Quantum Systems -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Interaction of Light with Single Two-Level Quantum Systems -- 3.3 Fluorescent Molecules at Ambient Conditions as Local Field Probes -- 3.4 Mapping the Field Distribution in a Focused Laser Beam -- 3.5 Mapping the Field Distribution at a Sharp Tip -- 3.6 Energy Transfer and Quenching -- 3.7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4: Near-Field Second-Harmonic Generation -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Near-Field Microscopy of SHG -- 4.2.1 Aperture-Based SHG SNOM -- 4.2.2 Apertureless SHG SNOM -- 4.3 Near-Field SHG at Metal Surfaces -- 4.3.1 SHG Enhancement at Individual Surface Defects -- 4.3.2 SHG and Surface Polariton Localization on a Rough Surface -- 4.4 Apertureless Second-Harmonic SNOM -- 4.4.1 SHG in the Presence of a Probe Tip -- 4.4.2 Self-Consistent SHG ASNOM Model -- 4.4.3 Experimental Realization of SHG ASNOM -- 4.5 Near-Field SHG Imaging of Functional Materials -- 4.5.1 SHG Imaging of Magnetic Domains -- 4.5.2 Local Poling Analysis of Ferroelectric Materials -- 4.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5: Near-Field Microscopy and Lithography of Light-Emitting Polymers -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Conjugated Polymer Blends -- 5.3 Aperture SNOM -- 5.3.1 Application to Conjugated Polymers -- 5.3.2 Implementation -- 5.3.3 The Nature of the Near-Field Illumination -- 5.4 CW and Time-Resolved Fluorescence SNOM of Polymer Blends -- 5.4.1 An Energy-Transfer Blend for Light Emitting Applications -- 5.4.2 A Charge-Transfer Blend for Photocells -- 5.5 Photoconductivity SNOM -- 5.6 Near-Field Photolithography -- 5.7 Conclusions and Future Developments -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part II: Nanophotonics -- Chapter 6: Near-Field Characterization of PlanarPhotonic-Crystal-Waveguide Structures -- 6.1 Introduction.

6.2 Sample Fabrication and SNOM Experimental Setup -- 6.3 Near-Field Imaging of PhCWs: Qualitative Considerations -- 6.4 Near-Field Characterization of PhCW Components -- 6.4.1 PhCW Propagation Loss -- 6.4.2 PhCW Mode Dispersion -- 6.4.3 Loss in Gradual PhCW Bends -- 6.4.4 Loss in Double 60° PhCW Bends -- 6.4.5 Directional Couplers (Sample N5) -- 6.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 7: Tracking Light Pulses with Near-Field Microscopy -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Heterodyne Interferometry -- 7.2.1 Mach-Zehnder Interferometer -- 7.2.2 Lock-in Detection -- 7.2.3 Light Source Requirements -- 7.3 Application in Near-Field Microscopy -- 7.3.1 Setup Considerations -- 7.3.2 Pulse Tracking in a Waveguide -- 7.3.3 Determination of the Phase Velocity -- 7.3.4 Determination of the Group Velocity -- 7.4 Pulse Tracking in Dispersive Media -- 7.4.1 The Influence of Group Velocity Dispersion -- 7.4.2 The Influence of Higher-Order Dispersion -- 7.4.3 Slow-Pulse Propagation with Low Dispersion -- 7.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part III: Plasmonics -- Chapter 8: Near-Field Optical Characterization of Plasmonic Materials -- 8.1 Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy of Plasmonic Structures -- 8.1.1 Visualizing Surface Plasmon Polaritons on Metal Structures -- 8.1.2 Monitoring Effects of Localized Surface Plasmons on Metal Nanoparticles -- 8.2 Surface Plasmon Polaritons on Metal Films of Nanohole Arrays -- 8.2.1 Introduction -- 8.2.2 Fabrication of Microscale Arrays of Nanoholes -- 8.2.3 Illumination-Mode SNOM of Nanohole Arrays -- 8.2.4 Collection Mode SNOM of Nanohole Arrays -- 8.2.5 Near-Field and Far-Field Characterization of Anisotropic Nanohole Arrays -- 8.3 Future Directions and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 9: High Enhancement and Near-Field Localization of Light on Semicontinuous Films.

9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Enhancement of the Electromagnetic Field on Metal Film -- 9.2.1 Surface Plasmon Resonances -- 9.3 Localization of Light on Semicontinuous Films -- 9.3.1 Coupling Between Localized and Propagative Surface Plasmon Modeson Semicontinuous Metallic Films -- 9.3.2 Nano-Optical Experiments on Semicontinuous Films -- 9.3.3 Fluorescence Enhancements and Nonlinear Effects -- 9.4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 10: Nano-Optics with Hybrid Plasmonic Nanoparticles -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.1.1 Hybrid Plasmonic Nanoparticles -- 10.1.2 Scope of the Review -- 10.2 Materials -- 10.2.1 Colloidal Synthesis and J-Aggregate Deposition -- 10.2.2 Electrostatic Layer-by-Layer Deposition -- 10.2.3 AAO Templating -- 10.3 Strong Coupling and Modulated Ground States -- 10.3.1 Theoretical Background -- 10.3.2 Coherent Coupling Between a Dipolar Plasmon and a MolecularExciton -- 10.3.3 Coherent Coupling Between a Delocalized Plasmon and a Molecular Exciton -- 10.3.4 Ultrafast Dynamics of Mixed States -- 10.4 Ultrafast Control of Molecular Energy Redistribution Using Hybrid Plasmon-Exciton States -- 10.5 Near-Field Optical Response of Plasmon-Exciton Hybrid Nanoparticles -- 10.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part IV: Apertureless Near-Field Optical Microscopy -- Chapter 11: Near-Field Nanoscopy by Elastic Light Scattering from a Tip -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Principle of Scattering-Type Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy (s-SNOM) -- 11.3 Theory of Scattering-Type Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy -- 11.4 Elimination of Background-Scattering Contributions from the Detector Signal -- 11.5 Experimental Realization of s-SNOM -- 11.6 Contrast and Resolution in s-SNOM Images -- 11.7 Molecular Vibrational Near-Field Contrast -- 11.8 Tip-Induced Polariton Resonance.

11.9 Nanoscale Coherent Imaging of Optical Eigenfield Patterns -- 11.10 Applications of s-SNOM -- 11.11 Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 12: Single-Molecule Contrast inTip-Enhanced Fluorescence Microscopy -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Contrast in Tip-Enhanced Fluorescence Microscopy -- 12.3 Contrast with Fluorescence Modulation -- 12.4 Improving Contrast via Demodulation -- 12.5 Optimizing Tip Oscillation Amplitude -- 12.6 TEFM Imaging of Single Molecules and DNA -- 12.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 13: Tip-Enhanced Optical Microscopy -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Field-Enhancement at a Metal Tip -- 13.3 Experimental Setup -- 13.4 Tip-Enhanced Raman Scattering -- 13.4.1 Introduction -- 13.4.2 Spatial Resolution, Field Localization, and Signal Enhancement -- 13.4.3 Mapping Molecular Junctions in Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes -- 13.5 Tip-Enhanced Photoluminescence -- 13.5.1 Introduction -- 13.5.2 Near-Field Photoluminescence Imaging -- 13.6 Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 14: Near-Field Optical Molecular Structuring and Manipulation Based on the Use of Localized Surface Plasmons -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Tip-Enhanced Optical Lithography on Azobenzene-Containing Polymers -- 14.3 Mask-Based SPOL on Azobenezene-Containing Polymers -- 14.4 Near-Field Photopolymerization Based on Localized Surface Plasmons: Toward New Hybrid Particles for Nanophotonics -- 14.5 Conclusions and Future Routes -- References -- Chapter 15: Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy -- 15.1 Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer -- 15.2 The Idea of FRET-Based Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy -- 15.3 Experimental Realizations of FRET SNOM -- 15.3.1 FRET-SNOM Imaging with Many FRET Pairs: Subtip Resolution -- 15.3.2 Single-Molecule FRET-SNOM Imaging -- 15.4 Concluding Remarks.

Acknowledgments.