Table of contents -- Preface -- Summary -- Sammendrag -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Chemical characterization -- 3. Occurrence -- 3.1 Lupin species -- 3.1.1. Edible lupin species -- 3.1.2 Non-edible lupin species -- 3.2 Alkaloids in lupin species -- 3.2.1. Lupinus albus (white lupin) -- 3.2.2 Lupinus angustifolius (narrow-leaved lupin) -- 3.2.3 Wild lupin species -- 3.3 Other constituents in edible lupins -- 3.3.1 Macronutrients -- 3.3.2 Bioactive constituents with putative adverse effects -- 3.3.3 Mycotoxins -- 3.3.4 Allergens -- 4. Exposure -- 4.1 Use of flour -- 4.2 Other uses -- 4.3 Debittering of 'bitter' lupin seed -- 4.4 Exposure estimation -- 5. Toxicity and feeding studies -- 5.1 Metabolism -- 5.1.1 Lupinus albus and Lupinus angustifolius -- 5.1.2 Other lupins -- 5.2 Acute toxicity studies -- 5.3 Subacute/subchronic studies -- 5.4 Chronic/carcinogenicity studies -- 5.5 Genotoxicity -- 5.6 Reproduction/developmental toxicity -- 5.7 Feeding studies -- 5.7.1 Feeding studies in rats -- 5.7.2 Feeding studies in chickens -- 5.7.3 Feeding studies in sheep and lambs -- 5.7.4 Observations in pigs -- 5.8 Summary of toxicity and feeding studies -- 6. Human data -- 6.1 Metabolism -- 6.2 Acute toxicity -- 6.3 Developmental toxicity -- 7. Discussion and conclusions -- 8. Recommendations -- References.