Content -- Preface -- Summary -- MSWI APC residues -- Shredder residues -- MSWI botton ash -- Ash from incineration of biofuels -- Abbreviations and acronyms -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Background and objective -- 1.2 Approach -- 1.3 Selection of wastes -- 2. Required environmental properties -- 2.1 The waste acceptance criteria and treatment needs -- 2.2 Landfills for non-hazardous waste -- 2.3 Landfills for hazardous waste -- 3. Treatment principles -- 3.1 Required improvements -- 3.2. Overview of treatment principles -- 4. MSWI APC residues, including fly ash -- 4.1 Waste characteristics -- 4.2 Classification, challenges and treatment objectives -- 4.3 Current MSWI APC residue production and management in the Nordic countries -- 4.4 Overview of potential treatment methods for MSWI APC residues -- 4.5 Technical description of treatment methods -- 4.6 Overview and discussion of treatment options for MSWI APC residues -- 5. Shredder residue (SR) -- 5.1 Waste characteristics -- 5.2 Classification, challenges and treatment objectives -- 5.3 Current SR management in the Nordic countries -- 5.4 Overview of potential treatment methods for SR -- 5.5 Technical description of treatment methods -- 5.6 Overview and discussion of treatment options for SR -- 6. MSWI bottom ash -- 6.1 Waste characteristics -- 6.2 Classification, challenges and treatment objectives -- 6.3 Current MSWI BA management in the Nordic countries -- 6.4 Overview of potential treatment methods for MSWI BA -- 6.5 Technical description of methods -- 6.6 MSWI bottom ash treatment installations -- 6.7 Environmental evaluation -- 6.8 Technical development stage -- 6.9. Operational data -- 6.10 Economic considerations and efficiency -- 7. Bioashes -- 7.1 Origin and properties of ash from biomass incineration -- 7.2 Treatment options -- 8. Conclusions -- References -- Dansk sammenfatning.

Appendix 1 -- Appendix 2 -- Appendix 3 -- Appendix 4 -- Appendix 5.