Content -- Preface -- Executive Summary -- Abstract -- Background -- Conclusion and recommendation -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Background -- 1.2 Objectives -- PART I: Overview of Economic Instruments 2006-2009 -- 2. Introduction -- 2.1 Scope -- 2.2 Economic instruments considered -- 3. Denmark -- 3.1 Energy and air pollution -- 3.2 Water pollution -- 3.3 Waste -- 3.4 Transport -- 3.5 Agriculture and natural resources -- 4. Finland -- 4.1 Energy and air pollution -- 4.2 Water pollution -- 4.3 Waste -- 4.4 Transport -- 4.5 Agriculture and natural resources -- 5. Iceland -- 5.1 Energy and air pollution -- 5.2 Water pollution -- 5.3 Waste -- 5.4 Transport -- 5.5 Agriculture and natural resources -- 6. Norway -- 6.1 Energy and air pollution -- 6.2 Water pollution -- 6.3 Waste -- 6.4 Transport -- 6.5 Agriculture and natural resources -- 7. Sweden -- 7.1 Energy and air pollution -- 7.2 Water pollution -- 7.3 Waste -- 7.4 Transport -- 7.5 Agriculture and natural resources -- 7.6 Outstanding propositions -- 8 Summary and cross-country comparison -- 9. How do the economic instruments work? -- 9.1 Criteria for assessing environmental policy instruments -- 9.2 Key characteristics of environmental policy instruments -- 9.3 Brief assessment of the countries' economic instruments -- PART II: Analysis of instrument mixes in Nordic environmental policy -- 10. Instrument mix analysis -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Theory and practice in the use of instrument mixes -- 10.3 Overview of instrument mixes -- 10.4 Case study 1: Stationary energy production and use, and climate change policy -- 10.5 Case study 2: Waste management policy in Sweden -- 10.6 Findings from recent OECD instrument mix review -- References -- Sammendrag -- Resymé -- Bakgrunn -- Konklusjoner og anbefalinger -- Annex: Review of instrument mixes.