The Airliner Cabin Environment -- Copyright -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- CABIN AIR QUALITY -- Carbon Dioxide -- Humidity -- Ozone -- Environmental Tobacco Smoke -- Aerosols -- Cabin Environment -- EMERGENCY SITUATIONS AND PROCEDURES -- WORLDWIDE AIRLINE REGULATIONS -- FEASIBILITY OF DATA COLLECTION -- Introduction -- STRUCTURE OF REPORT -- PROBLEMS IN STUDYING AIRLINER CABIN AIR QUALITY -- PROBLEMS IN STUDYING THE HEALTH EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH AIRLINER CABIN AIR QUALITY -- REFERENCES -- 1 Profile of Commercial Air Travel -- PASSENGERS -- FLIGHT ATTENDANTS AND FLIGHT CREW -- THE U.S. AIRLINE INDUSTRY -- FAA DATA ON SELECTED INCIDENTS -- REFERENCES -- 2 Environmental Control Systems on Commercial Passenger Aircraft -- DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL SYSTEMS -- Compressed-Air Sources -- The Environmental Control Unit -- Air Distribution -- Exhaust Systems -- Recirculation Systems -- Temperature Control -- Pressure Control -- PERFORMANCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL SYSTEMS -- Load Factors -- EFFECT OF VENTILATION ON TOTAL CABIN ENVIRONMENT -- Ventilation and Contamination -- Air Velocity and Cabin Flow Patterns -- Relative Humidity -- Ozone -- Effect of Recirculation on Contamination -- Cost of Ventilation -- REFERENCES -- 3 Standards, Regulations, and Industry Practices -- U.S. REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS -- Ventilation -- Ozone -- Fires -- Depressurization -- Medical Emergencies -- Ditching and Evacuation -- Additional Passenger Briefings -- FOREIGN REGULATIONS -- INDUSTRY OPERATING PROCEDURES -- FAA INVESTIGATION AND ENFORCEMENT -- Investigation of Violations -- Enforcement Actions -- Review and Appeal -- Effectiveness and Adequacy of FAA Inspection and Enforcement -- ADEQUACY AND EFFICACY OF PASSENGER SAFETY INFORMATION -- Factors Influencing Passenger Emergency Behavior.

Attention, Comprehension, and Recall under Stress -- Improving Passenger Safety Briefings -- OVERVIEW -- REFERENCES -- 4 Air Quality in Emergency Situations -- ONBOARD FIRES -- Inhibiting Ignition -- Materials Testing and Selection -- Smoke Detection and Firefighting -- Removal of Toxic Fumes -- Individual Smoke and Fume Protection -- Emergency Escape -- Passenger Safety Briefings -- DEPRESSURIZATION -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 5 Cabin Air Pollutants: Sources and Exposures -- OZONE -- Ozone in Commercial Aircraft Cabins -- Health Effects of Ozone under High-Altitude Conditions -- Groups at Increased Risk of Health Effects -- Recommendations -- COSMIC RADIATION -- Characteristics of Cosmic Radiation -- Exposure of Passengers and Crew -- Radiation Exposure in Aircraft and from Other Natural Sources -- Groups at Increased Risk of Health Effects -- GROUND FUMES -- ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE -- Aircraft Ventilation and Smoke Concentrations -- Concentrations of ETS Constituents Measured on Aircraft -- Standards for Other Environments -- Exposure to ETS on Airliners -- Health Effects in Airplanes -- Health Effects in Other Environments -- Groups at Increased Risk -- Prevention of Exposure to ETS -- Summary -- BIOLOGIC AEROSOLS -- Types of Biologic Pollutants Possible in Aircraft -- Sources of Biologic Pollutants -- Factors Affecting Airborne Concentrations of Biologic Pollutants and their Health Effects -- Airborne Concentrations Necessary to Cause Health Effects or Discomfort -- Available Data -- Available Predictive Data from Other Sources -- Available Data on Aircraft -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- RELATIVE HUMIDITY -- Aircraft Ventilation and Relative Humidity -- Measured Relative Humidity in Aircraft -- Standards for Other Environments -- Effects of Low Relative Humidity on Passengers and Crew.

Reported Health Effects of Low Relative Humidity in Other Environments -- Summary -- PRESSURIZATION -- CARBON DIOXIDE -- OTHER POTENTIAL EXPOSURES -- REFERENCES -- 6 Health Effects Associated with Exposure to Airliner Cabin Air -- HEALTH EFFECTS OF CONCERN -- Irritation and Inflammation -- Infection -- Respiratory Impairment -- Cardiovascular Effects -- Neoplasms -- Reproductive Disorders -- Miscellaneous -- Summary -- MONITORING AND SURVEILLANCE OF CREW AND PASSENGER HEALTH -- Pilots -- Flight Attendants and Passengers -- FAA Surveillance Activities -- GROUPS AT INCREASED RISK -- REFERENCES -- 7 Desirability and Feasibility of Additional Data Collection -- GENERAL CONCEPTS AND APPROACHES -- MEASURES OF AIRLINER CABIN AIR QUALITY -- MEASURES OF HEALTH EFFECTS -- OTHER SUBJECTS -- REFERENCES -- Appendix A A Computer Model for Assessing Airliner Cabin Air Quality -- CONCEPTUAL DEVELOPMENT -- MATHEMATICAL DEVELOPMENT -- OPERATING PROCEDURES -- SIMULATING AIRLINER AIR QUALITY -- REFERENCES -- Appendix B Selected Material from the FAA Accident/Incident Data System -- Appendix C Airliner Cabin Safety Regulations and Standards -- REFERENCES -- Glossary.