What is a theory of thought? / A dialectical basis for understanding the study of cognition / Rationalism versus empiricism in cognition / Single-code versus multiple-code theories in cognition / Domain-generality versus domain-specificity in cognition / Conscious versus unconscious cognition / Prototype versus exemplar models in cognition / Computational modeling of high-level cognition versus hypothesis testing / Brain versus behavioral studies of cognition / Response time versus accuracy in human memory / Laboratory versus field approaches to cognition / Basic versus applied research / Inferential versus ecological approaches to perception / Implicit versus explicit learning / Multi-store versus dynamic models of temporary storage in memory / Rational versus arational models of thought / Formal rules versus mental models in reasoning / Cognition versus metacognition / Culture-free versus culture-based measures of cognition / Heredity versus environment as the basis of cognitive abilities