Contents -- List of Illustrations -- Preface -- 1. The Interpretation of Medieval Intellectual History -- 2. The Scholastic Traditions -- How Man Is Saved: Theories of Salvation from Augustine to Gabriel Biel -- How Man Truly Knows: Theories of Knowledge from Augustine to Ockham -- What Scripture Means: The Interpretation of the Bible in the Middle Ages -- 3. The Spiritual Traditions -- Critics of Scholasticism -- Monastic Piety -- The Franciscan Movement -- Varieties of Mystical Experience -- 4. The Ecclesiopolitical Traditions -- Secular and Theocratic Concepts of Government -- The Pre-eminence of Peter -- Royal and Papal Apologists -- The Schism and the Rise of the Conciliar Theory of Church Government -- The Council of Constance -- The Conciliar Movement After Constance -- Summary -- 5 . On the Eve of the Reformation -- The Growth of Monarchy -- Population, Money, and Books -- Religious Culture -- 6. The Mental World of Martin Luther -- Young Man Luther -- Luther and Scholasticism -- Luther and Mysticism -- 7 . Society and Politics in the German Reformation -- Imperial Politics in the First Half of the Sixteenth Century -- Lutheran Social Philosophy -- The Revolt of the Common Man -- 8. Humanism and the Reformation -- Erasmus and Luther -- Protestant Reformers: Biblical Humanists or New Scholastics? -- Protestantism and Humanist Educational Reform -- 9. The Swiss Reformation -- Zwingli and Zurich -- Conrad Grebel and Swiss Anabaptism -- The Working Out of Zwinglianism -- 10. The Sectarian Spectrum: Radical Movements within Protestantism -- 11. Calvin and Calvinism -- Young Calvin -- Political Revolt and Religious Reform in Geneva -- Strasbourg and Martin Bucer -- Calvin's Geneva: 15 41- 64 -- Were Calvinists Really Protestants? -- 12. Marriage and the Ministry in the Protestant Churches -- 13. Catholic Reform and Counter Reformation.

The Quest for Catholic Reform: From Constance to Trent -- The Society of Jesus -- 14. Protestant Resistance to Tyranny: The Career of John Knox -- 15. The Legacy of the Reformation -- List of Abbreviations -- Index.