Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions: -- Copyright -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- Contents -- 1. Introduction and Overview -- THE FOSSIL FUEL SCENARIO: THE PROBABILITY OF A CRISIS IN THE BIOSPHERE -- THIS REPORT -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- 2. Scientific Understanding of Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions: a Historical Overview -- HUMAN ALTERATIONS OF THE ATMOSPHERE -- ENERGY AND AIR POLLUTION -- 3 Biogenic Emissions to the Atmosphere -- NITROGEN -- Terrestrial Ecosystems -- Aquatic Ecosystems -- SULFUR -- Terrestrial Ecosystems -- Aquatic Ecosystems -- TRACE METALS -- ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS FROM BURNING OF NATURAL BIOMASS -- NATURAL ORGANIC PRODUCTS -- SUMMARY -- 4 Anthropogenic Sources of Atmospheric Substances -- PATTERNS OF FOSSIL FUEL USE -- ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS FROM FOSSIL FUEL BURNING -- Oxides of Sulfur and Nitrogen -- Trace Metals -- Organic Compounds -- SUMMARY -- 5. Atmospheric Transport, Transformation, and Deposition Processes -- TRANSPORT AND DIFFUSION -- TRANSFORMATIONS -- Oxidation Reactions in the Atmosphere -- Reduction Reactions in the Biosphere -- Organic Compounds -- DEPOSITION -- Wet Deposition Processes -- Dry Deposition Processes -- RESIDENCE TIMES FOR SUBSTANCES IN THE ATMOSPHERE -- Monitoring and Data Needs -- SUMMARY -- 6 Biological Accumulation and Effect of Atmospheric Contaminants -- ACCUMULATION IN TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS -- ACCUMULATION IN AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS -- ACCUMULATION IN SOILS AND AQUATIC SEDIMENTS -- Aquatic Sediments as Historical Records -- TRANSFORMATIONS IN SOILS AND WATERS -- TRANSFER OF SUBSTANCES FROM TERRESTRIAL TO AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS -- POLLUTANTS AND INDIVIDUAL ORGANISMS -- Toxicity of Deposited Substances to Organisms -- Terrestrial Ecosystems -- Aquatic Ecosystems -- Interactions Among Pollutants or Between Pollutants and other Stresses -- Terrestrial Ecosystems -- Aquatic Ecosystems.

Resistance to Pollutants -- Past Efforts to Predict Widespread Toxic Effects -- SUMMARY -- 7. Studying the Effects of Atmospheric Deposition on Ecosystems -- PREDICTING ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECTS ON ECOSYSTEMS -- HIGHLY SENSITIVE ORGANISMS AS EARLY INDICATORS -- COMMON RESPONSES OF ECOSYSTEMS TO STRESS -- NATURAL RECORDS OF POLLUTION -- MONITORING LARGE-SCALE POLLUTION -- SUMMARY -- 8. Acid Precipitaton -- CAUSES OF ACID PRECIPITATION -- Extent of the Problem -- EFFECTS OF ACID ON THE BIOSPHERE -- Aquatic Ecosystems -- Chemical Changes -- Biological Changes -- Terrestrial Ecosystems -- Vegetation -- Soils -- Wetlands -- ASSESSMENT OF ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS -- AMELIORATION -- SUMMARY -- Appendix Biographical Sketches of Committee Members -- References -- Index.