Biodiversity -- Copyright -- EDITOR'S FOREWORD -- Contents -- Chapter 1 The Current State of Biological Diversity -- THE AMOUNT OF BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY -- THE NATURAL LONGEVITY OF SPECIES -- RAIN FORESTS AS CENTERS OF DIVERSITY -- HOW MUCH DIVERSITY IS BEING LOST? -- HOW FAST IS DIVERSITY DECLINING? -- WHAT CAN BE DONE? -- References -- PART 1 CHALLENGES TO THE PRESERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY -- Chapter 2 The Loss of Diversity Causes and Consequences -- References -- Chapter 3 Tropical Forests and Their Species Going, Going … ? -- TROPICAL FORESTS -- EXTINCTION RATES: FUTURE -- TROPICAL FOREST AND CLIMATIC CHANGE -- REPERCUSSIONS FOR THE FUTURE OF EVOLUTION -- References -- Chapter 4 Ecological Diversity in Coastal Zones and Oceans -- COASTS AND OCEANS-A WORLD VIEW -- LIFE ACCORDING TO THE BOOK OF TAXONOMY -- ECOLOGICAL DIVERSITY -- CONCLUSIONS IN PROSPECT -- References -- Chapter 5 Diversity Crises in the Geological Past -- THE PHANEROZOIC RECORD OF EXTINCTION -- EXTINCTION RATES IN DEEP TIME -- EVOLUTIONARY CONSEQUENCES OF PAST EXTINCTIONS -- EXTINCTION IN SHALLOW TIME: THE PLEISTOCENE EXPERIENCE -- RESEARCH FOR THE FUTURE -- References -- Chapter 6 Estimating Reductions in the Diversity of Tropical Forest Species -- THE ACCEPTED VIEW -- NUMBER OF SPECIES IN THE TROPICS -- RATE OF CHANGE IN TROPICAL FOREST AREAS -- DIVERSITY OF FOREST TYPES IN THE TROPICS -- RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DEFORESTATION RATE AND LOSS OF SPECIES -- SEEKING A BETTER ESTIMATE -- CALLING ATTENTION TO THE POSITIVE TERMS IN THE SPECIES EXTINCTION ISSUE -- NEED FOR BETTER LAND AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- References -- Chapter 7 Challenges to Biological Diversity in Urban Areas -- References -- PART 2 HUMAN DEPENDANCE ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY -- Chapter 8 Deep Ecology Meets the Developing World -- References -- Chapter 9 Screening Plants for New Medicines.

THE GLOBAL IMPORTANCE OF PLANT-DERIVED DRUGS -- THE IMPORTANCE OF HERBAL DRUGS -- In Hong Kong -- In Japan -- In the People's Republic of China -- THE SEARCH FOR NEW PLANT DRUGS -- Use of the NAPRALERT Data Base -- PHARMACOLOGICAL INTEREST IN NATURAL PRODUCTS -- APPROACHES TO DRUG DISCOVERY FROM PLANTS -- LACK OF INTEREST IN NEW DRUG DISCOVERY PROGRAMS FROM PLANTS -- SUMMARY -- References -- Chapter 10 Serendipity in the Exploration of Biodiversity What Good are Weedy Tomatoes? -- THE DISCOVERY OF A NEW TOMATO -- HOW MUCH IS A WILD TOMATO WORTH? -- A NEW SPECIES OF WILD MAIZE -- THE CONTINUING IMPORTANCE OF BOTANICAL EXPLORATION -- References -- Chapter 11 The Outlook for new Agricultural and Industrial Products from the Tropics -- AGRICULTURE -- NEW CROPS -- IMPROVEMENT OF CROP SPECIES THROUGH CROSS-BREEDING -- NATURAL PESTICIDES -- INDUSTRY -- FATS AND OILS -- FIBERS -- THE ROLE OF THE ETHNOBOTANIST -- References -- PART 3 DIVERSITY AT RISK: TROPICAL FORESTS -- Chapter 12 Our Diminishing Tropical Forests -- Chapter 13 The Tropical Forest Canopy The Heart of Biotic Diversity -- THE PROBLEM -- THE HISTORY -- References -- Chapter 14 Tropical Dry Forests The Most Endangered Major Tropical Ecosystem -- DIVERSITY IN THE DRY FOREST -- A MANY-FACED THREAT -- FUTURE PROSPECTS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- References -- Chapter 15 Deforestation and Indians in Brazilian Amazonia -- THE YANOMAMI OF NORTHERN BRAZIL -- THE KAYAPO OF CENTRAL BRAZIL -- THE RIGHTS AND WRONGS OF SHIFTING CULTIVATION -- INDIAN PRODUCTIVITY IN THE TROPICAL FOREST -- THE IMPACT OF DEFORESTATION ON INDIAN LIFE -- INDIAN MANAGERS OF THE RAIN FORESTS -- References -- Chapter 16 Primate Diversity and the Tropical Forest Case Studies from Brazil and Madagascar and Importance of the… -- References -- PART 4 DIVERSITY AT RISK: THE GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE.

Chapter 17 Lessons from Mediterranean-Climate Regions -- COMMUNITY DIVERSITY IN TROPICAL AND TEMPERATE REGIONS -- MEDITERRANEAN-CLIMATE FLORISTIC DIVERSITY -- South Africa -- California -- The Mediterranean Basin -- INCREASING BIOTIC DIVERSITY-THE INVADERS -- References -- Chapter 18 Structural and Functional Diversity in Temperate Forests -- MAINTAINING SUCCESSIONAL STATES -- MAINTAINING STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL DIVERSITY -- PROTECTING AQUATIC DIVERSITY -- DEVELOPING EFFECTIVE STEWARDSHIP PROGRAMS -- INCORPORATING BIODIVERSITY OBJECTIVES INTO MANAGEMENT -- References -- Chapter 19 Diversity in and Among Grasslands -- GRAZING AND AGRICULTURE CONVERSIONS -- MORE SUBTLE IMPACTS -- References -- Chapter 20 Diversity and Biological Invasions of Oceanic Islands -- SCOPE OF THE PROBLEM -- WHY ARE ISLANDS SUSCEPTIBLE? -- WHAT CAN BE DONE? -- IDENTIFICATION OF PROBLEM SPECIES -- Herbivorous Mammals -- Predators -- Ecosystem-Level Effects -- Invasion of Intact Native Ecosystems -- IDENTIFICATION OF CRITICAL HABITATS -- HABITAT DESTRUCTION -- ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH ON ISLANDS -- References -- PART 5 THE VALUE OF BIODIVERSITY -- Chapter 21 Economics and the Preservation of Biodiversity -- References -- Chapter 22 Commodity, Amenity, and Morality The Limits of Quantification in Valuing Biodiversity -- References -- Chapter 23 The Rise of the Global Exchange Economy and the Loss of Biological Diversity -- References -- Chapter 24 Why Put a Value on Biodiversity? -- References -- Chapter 25 What Mainstream Economists Have to Say About the Value Biodiversity -- WELFARE CHANGE MEASUREMENT IMPLEMENTS AN EXPLICIT ETHICAL FRAMEWORK -- THE ECONOMIC APPROACH IS NOT LIMITED TO THE COMMERCIAL DOMAIN -- THERE IS AN (ALMOST) ADEQUATE CONCEPTUAL BASIS FOR ECONOMIC VALUATION OF BIODIVERSITY.

TECHNIQUES FOR EMPIRICAL VALUATION EXIST AND ARE APPLICABLE TO MANY BIODIVERSITY ISSUES, BUT LACK OFINFORMATION CAN BE… -- POLICY DECISION CRITERIA HAVE BEEN PROPOSED -- THE EMPIRICAL CUPBOARD IS NOT BARE -- FURTHER COMMENTS ON THE MAINSTREAM ECONOMICS APPROACH -- References -- PART 6 HOW IS BIODIVERSITY MONITORED AND PROTECTED -- Chapter 26 Monitoring Biological Diversity for Setting Priorities in Conservation -- THE GAP ANALYSIS CONCEPT -- AN UNDERLYING CONCEPT -- References -- Chapter 27 Information Management for the Conservation of Biodiversity -- NATURAL HERITAGE DATA CENTERS -- NETWORKING AND CENTRAL DATA BASES -- APPLICATIONS OF THE DATA -- INTERACTIONS WITH SCIENTISTS AND THE PUBLIC -- References -- Chapter 28 Identifying and Protecting the Origins of Our Food Plants -- THE INTERNATIONAL BOARD FOR PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES PROGRAM -- CROP ORIGINS AND GERMPLASM USE -- EVALUATION OF THE RESOURCES -- SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT FOR GENETIC RESOURCES WORK -- EX SITU AND IN SITU PRESERVATION -- References -- Chapter 29 Conserving and Monitoring Biotic Diversity Some African Examples -- BIOGEOGRAPHIC SETTING -- PATTERNS OF SPECIES RICHNESS AND ENDEMISM -- APPROACHES TO THE CONSERVATION OF BIOTIC DIVERSITY IN AFRICA -- BIOTIC CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS -- ASSESSING THE ADEQUACY OF CURRENT PROTECTED AREA COVER -- IDENTIFYING GAPS IN THE NETWORK -- MONITORING THE SYSTEM -- LESSONS LEARNED -- References -- PART 7 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: HOW CAN THEY HELP -- Chapter 30 Can Technology Aid Species Preservation? -- FOUR OBSTACLES TO SPECIES SURVIVAL -- PROBLEM AND APPLICATION -- LIMITATIONS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY -- NUMBERS VERSUS TECHNOLOGY -- TECHNOLOGY IS EXPENSIVE -- BUYING TIME -- References -- Chapter 31 Conservation of Biological Diversity in Botanical Gardens -- METHODS OF EX SITU CONSERVATION -- THE GENETIC CONSEQUENCES OF EX SITU CONSERVATION.

SOME PRACTICAL ISSUES -- WHAT THEN IS THE SPECIFIC ROLE FOR BOTANICAL GARDENS IN CONSERVATION? -- References -- Chapter 32 Using Science and Technology to Reestablish Species Lost in Nature -- REINTRODUCTIONS -- CAPTIVE BREEDING IN WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT -- References -- Chapter 33 Intensive Technology in the Care of Ex Situ Populations of Vanishing Species -- SCOPE OF EX SITU MANAGEMENT PROBLEM -- NUTRITION -- ANIMAL RESTRAINT AND CAPTURE -- BIOMEDICAL RESOURCES -- IDENTIFICATION AND DATA COLLECTION -- REPRODUCTION -- POPULATION BIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR GENETICS -- INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY -- COMPUTER SOFTWARE AND ISIS -- IN SITU AND EX SITU METHODS -- ETHICS AND VALUE SYSTEMS -- References -- Chapter 34 Cryobiology, Embryo Transfer, and Artificial Insemination in Ex Situ Animal Conservation Programs -- EMBRYO TRANSFER -- CRYOPRESERVATION OF EMBRYOS -- ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION -- SEMEN CRYOPRESERVATION -- FUTURE PROSPECTS -- References -- PART 8 RESTORATION ECOLOGY: CAN WE RECOVER LOST GROUND? -- Chapter 35 Ecological Restoration Reflections on a Half-Century of Experience at the University of Wisconsin-Madison… -- PIONEERING RESTORATION AT THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MADISON ARBORETUM -- TECHNICAL, ECOLOGICAL FEASIBILITY -- SOCIAL, ECONOMIC FACTORS -- References -- Chapter 36 Restoring Diversity in Salt Marshes Can We Do It? -- RESTORATION PLANS -- Projects that Show Losses in Wetland Area -- Projects That Replace Functional Wetland Habitat with Modified Wetland Habitat -- CONCLUSIONS CONCERNING RESTORATION PLANNING -- IMPLEMENTATION OF RESTORATION PROJECTS -- Assessing Success -- Summary of Trials -- Conclusions Concerning Implementation -- PROSPECTS FOR THE FUTURE -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- References -- Chapter 37 Restoration of Degraded Lands in the Amazon Basin -- NATURAL DISTURBANCES IN AMAZONIA -- DISTURBANCE BY HUMANS IN AMAZONIA.

A ROLE FOR RESTORATION ECOLOGY.