Cover -- Copyright Page -- Preface -- Table of Contents -- Chapter 1 Introduction to Fractals -- 1.1 Overview of fractals -- 1.2 Fractals vs. Computer Graphics -- 1.2.1 Chaotic Systems -- 1.2.2 Strange Attractor -- 1.2.3 Newton Raphson -- 1.3 Fractal Geometry -- 1.4 Categories of Fractals -- 1.4.1 Geometrical fractals -- 1.4.2 Algebraic fractals -- 1.4.3 Stochastic fractals -- 1.5 Fractals and Non-fractal Objects -- 1.5.1 The sizes of the features of the fractal and non-fractal objects -- 1.5.2 The four measure properties of fractal -- 1.6 Defining a fractal -- 1.6.1 Definitions of related terms -- 1.6.2 Definition of fractal -- 1.7 Applications for Fractals -- 1.8 Summary -- Chapter 2 Fractals and L-System -- 2.1 Reviews on L-system -- 2.2 Parallel grammars: A phenomenon -- 2.3 L-Systems -- 2.3.1 D0L-system -- 2.3.2 Fractals and graphic interpretation of strings -- 2.3.3 Bracketed L-systems and models of plants architecture -- 2.3.4 L-systems and Genetic Algorithms -- 2.4 Basic definitions of L-Systems -- 2.4.1 Fibonacci L-system -- 2.4.2 Types of L-systems -- 2.4.3 Thue-Morse L-system -- 2.4.4 Paper folding and the Dragon curve -- 2.5 Turtle graphics and L-systems -- 2.5.1 Branching and bracketed L-systems -- 2.5.2 Famous L-systems of mathematical history -- 2.5.3 Self-similarity and scaling -- 2.6 Summary -- Chapter 3 Interactive Generation of Fractal Images -- 3.1 IFS and Fractals -- 3.2 Generation of Fractals -- 3.2.1 Multi Lens Copy Machines -- 3.3 Computer Implementation -- 3.3.1 The Random Algorithm -- 3.4 Designing Fractals -- 3.4.1 How does the program work -- 3.5 Software Package -- 3.5.1 Background -- 3.5.2 Computer Implementation -- 3.5.3 Sample Output -- 3.6 Mathematical Expression of IFS -- 3.6.1 RIFS -- 3.6.2 Modified MRCM -- 3.7 Summary -- Chapter 4 Generation of a Class of Hybrid Fractals -- 4.1 Background.

4.1.1 Parallel grammar: A critical review -- 4.1.2 Rules for biological phenomenon -- 4.1.3 Some definitions and examples -- 4.1.4 Applications of L-System -- 4.1.5 Turtle graphics vs L-System -- 4.1.6 Generation of fractal figures -- 4.1.7 About L-System -- 4.1.8 An L-system example -- 4.1.9 Representing mathematical sequence in L-System -- 4.2 The Approach -- 4.2.1 Assumptions -- 4.2.2 Combination of L-Systems -- 4.2.3 The new L-System or the Hybrid L-System -- 4.2.4 The Algorithm -- 4.3 Experimentally Generated Fractals -- 4.3.1 Fractal figures for Fibonacci sequence and Koch curve -- 4.3.2 Fractal figures for Mathematical series 1 to n and Koch curve -- 4.3.3 Fractal figures based on different combinations -- 4.4 Variation on Koch Curves -- 4.5 Fractals with other Mathematical Sequences -- 4.6 Interpretation of Result -- 4.6.1 Comparison of Koch curve with Hybrid system -- 4.6.2 Arbitrary Figures -- 4.7 Summary -- Chapter 5 L-System Strings from Ramification Matrix -- 5.1 Definition of Terms -- 5.1.1 Modules -- 5.1.2 Productions -- 5.2 Parallel Rewriting Systems -- 5.3 An Elementary L-System Parser -- 5.3.1 The structure of an L-System module -- 5.3.2 L-System strings -- 5.3.3 Rewriting the L-System string -- 5.4 Generating The Tree -- 5.4.1 Parsing the L-System -- 5.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of L-Systems -- 5.6 Ramification Matrices -- 5.6.1 Compiling a matrix -- 5.6.2 Ramification matrix for basic branching scheme -- 5.6.3 Generation of L-system string from the ramification matrix -- 5.6.4 Normalisation of the matrix -- 5.7 Fractal Figures Using The Grammar -- 5.8 Summary -- Chapter 6 3D Modeling of Realistic Plants -- 6.1 Related Work -- 6.1.1 D0L-systems -- 6.1.2 Edge Rewriting vs. Node Rewriting -- 6.1.3 Stochastic L-Systems -- 6.1.4 Context-sensitive L-system -- 6.1.5 Branching structures -- 6.1.6 Parametric L-Systems.

6.2 Key Factors -- 6.2.1 Practicality -- 6.2.2 Realism -- 6.2.3 Rendering speed -- 6.3 Component Modeling -- 6.3.1 Practicality -- 6.3.2 Realism -- 6.3.3 Real-time Rendering -- 6.4 An Object-Oriented Approach To Modeling -- 6.4.1 Stem Component -- 6.4.2 Leaf Component -- 6.4.3 Tree Component -- 6.4.4 Radial Component -- 6.5 Other Tree Modeling -- 6.5.1 Tree Growth Visualisation -- 6.5.2 Adaptive L-system -- 6.5.3 D0L System with 3D Structure -- 6.5.4 Environment Interactive -- 6.6 Summary -- Chapter 7 Fractal Dimension -- 7.1 Self Similar Fractals -- 7.1.1 Fractals and Self-similarity -- 7.1.2 Length of the coast of Iceland -- 7.2 Extending To Fractal Surfaces -- 7.2.1 Mandelbrot's formula -- 7.2.2 Casey's Classification -- 7.2.3 Pentland's Method -- 7.3 Various Methods Of Fractal Dimension Calculation -- 7.3.1 Reticular cell counting method -- 7.3.2 Keller's Approach -- 7.3.3 Differential Box-Counting Method -- 7.4 Bound of the box size -- 7.4.1 Keller's Correction -- 7.4.2 Fractional Box-Counting Method -- 7.4.3 Mishra's Bounds -- 7.5 Multifractals -- 7.5.1 Multifractal Point Patterns -- 7.5.2 Multifractal Calculations on Generalized Sierpinski Triangles -- 7.6 Fractal dimension from the L-System -- 7.6.1 Fractal dimension of hybrid fractals from L-System -- 7.7 Summary -- Chapter 8 Research Directions of L-Systems -- 8.1 L-Systems on Data Base Management Systems -- 8.1.1 Retrieval, Indexing & storage -- 8.1.2 Queries -- 8.1.3 Text Summarization -- 8.1.4 Language, Semantics and Relevancy -- 8.1.5 Latent Semantics & Reduction Techniques -- 8.1.6 Datamining -- 8.2 Parsers, Compilers -- 8.3 Web Links -- 8.4 Tools -- 8.5 Recent field of Applications of L-Systems -- 8.5.1 Indexing and Data Mining in Multimedia Databases -- 8.5.2 L-Systems and Fractal Growth -- 8.5.3 Cellular Automata -- 8.5.4 Autonomous Agents.

8.5.5 Explore Individual Differences in Handwriting -- 8.6 Classifiers, IFS and L-Systems -- 8.6.1 Iterated Function Systems (IFS) -- 8.6.2 Lindenmeyer Systems (L-Systems) -- 8.6.3 Schemas -- 8.6.4 Classifier Systems (CS) -- 8.6.5 Reinforcement Learning (RL) -- 8.6.6 LCS Learning Classifier Systems -- 8.6.7 Extended Classifier Systems -- 8.6.8 Finite State Machines (FSM) -- 8.6.9 Constrained Generating Procedures (CGP) -- 8.7 In the field of Animation -- 8.8 Some important research abstracts -- 8.9 Research Proposal on L-System -- 8.10 Summary -- Bibliography -- Appendix-A -- Appendix-B -- Appendix-C -- Colour Section -- Index -- Series Page.