Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. The Documentary Constitution -- Constitutional Law -- Explanations -- The Constancy of a Writing -- The Legitimacy of a Compact -- A Constitution Made by Judges -- Textualism -- Yawning Gaps -- Vague and Ambiguous Terms -- The Analogy to Statutes -- The Text Writ Large -- The Text in Context -- Negative Examples -- Originalism -- The Framers -- The Founding Generation -- More Negative Examples -- 2. Constitutional Common Law -- Rights -- Natural Rights -- Rights and Formalism -- The Positive Present -- Markets -- The Unregulated Baseline -- The Regulatory Present -- The Public Interest -- Natural Rights (Again) -- The Police Power -- Formalism (Again) -- Laissez-Faire -- Class Legislation -- Efficiency and Elections -- 3. Regulatory Rights -- Preliminaries -- Restraints Neither Internal nor External -- Regulatory Rights in the Literature -- Due Process -- The Substance of Process -- Market Freedom -- Fundamental Interests -- Procedural Rights -- Substantive Rights -- Beyond the Bill of Rights -- Abusive Behavior -- Equal Protection -- Equality and Purpose -- The Overlap with Due Process -- Classifications -- Ordinary Classifications -- Fundamental Interests (Again) -- Suspicious Classifications -- Freedom of Expression -- Free Speech -- Freedom of Religion -- Cruel and Unusual Punishments -- 4. Rational Instrumentalism -- Standards of Review -- The Rational-Basis Test -- Close Scrutiny -- Means -- The Level-of-Generality Question -- Disproportionate Impact -- Knowing a Means by Its Purpose -- Individual Interests -- Rights (Again) -- The Level-of-Generality Question (Again) -- Ends -- The Search for Purpose -- Techniques -- Illustrations -- A Purpose to Work With -- Compelling Objectives -- Impermissible Explanations -- Tautological Ends -- Of Conduct and Status -- Conclusion -- Notes -- Index.