Telemedicine for Trauma, Emergencies, and Disaster Management -- Contents -- Foreword -- Introduction -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1 Historical Notes on Telem edicine -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The Foundation -- 1.3 Space Medicine -- 1.4 Trials and Tribulations -- 1.5 Standards and National Initiatives -- 1.6 Internet and the Web -- 1.7 Trauma, Disaster, and Emergency Applications -- 1.8 Failure and Success -- 1.9 The Challenge of Evidence -- References -- Chapter 2 Evolution of Telemedicine in the Space Program and Earth Applications -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Early Beginnings -- 2.3 Support for Human Spaceflight -- 2.4 Earth-Based Endeavors -- 2.5 Disaster Response-Global Health -- 2.5.1 Spacebridge to Armenia -- 2.5.2 Spacebridge to Moscow -- 2.6 Commercial Interactions -- 2.7 Outcomes -- 2.8 Future -- References -- Chapter 3 Trauma and Disasters as a Worldwide Problem: An Overview -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Definitions -- 3.3 Natural Disasters -- 3.4 Man-Made Disasters -- 3.5 War and Conflict-Related Injury Epidemiology -- 3.6 Landmines and Unexploded Devices as a Worldwide Problem -- 3.7 Long-Term Consequences of Disasters -- 3.8 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4 Communication Technologies: An Overview of Telemedicine Connectivity -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Data Communications Networks -- 4.3 Telemedicine Communications Modes -- 4.3.1 Store-and-Forward Telemedicine -- 4.3.2 Real-Time Telemedicine -- 4.4 Connectivity Options -- 4.4.1 Plain Old Telephone Service -- 4.4.2 Integrated Services Digital Network -- 4.4.3 Digital Subscriber Line -- 4.4.4 Cable -- 4.4.5 T Carrier Lines -- 4.4.6 Satellite -- 4.4.7 Cellular/Mobile Broadband -- 4.5 Network Management and Technical Personnel -- 4.6 What to Choose? -- 4.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5 Videoconferencing as a Clinical Tool for Surgeons -- 5.1 Introduction.

5.2 Technical Aspects -- 5.3 VC for Surgical Education -- 5.4 VC in Multidisciplinary Teams -- 5.5 VC in Trauma and Emergency Medicine -- 5.6 VC in Follow-Up After Surgery -- 5.7 VC for Surgical Telementoring -- 5.8 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6 Wireless Technologies: Potential Use in Emergencies and Disasters -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Wireless Technologies in Medical Environments -- 6.3 Wireless Sensors for Medical Monitoring -- 6.3.1 Sensor Nodes and Hardware Designs -- 6.4 Multiaccess Protocol for Wireless Sensors -- 6.5 Implementation of Wireless Biosensors in Emergency and Disaster Events -- 6.5.1 Comparisons of Telemedicine Systems -- 6.5.2 Databases, Software Programs, and Monitoring -- 6.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7 Interactive Video Communication and Medical Telepresence and Their Role in Trauma, Emergencies, and Disaster Management -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Technology and Modules -- 7.3 Networks and Services for Interactive Video Communication and Medical Telepresence -- 7.3.1 Generic Advanced Low-Cost Trans-European Network Over Satellite(GALENOS) -- 7.3.2 Medical Assistance for Ships (MEDASHIP) -- 7.3.3 Euro-Mediterranean Internet-Satellite Platform for Health, Medical Education, and Research (EMISPHER) -- 7.4 The Role of Interactive Video Communication and Medical Telepresence in Trauma, Emergencies, and Disaster Management -- 7.5 Disaster Emergency Logistic Telemedicine Advanced Satellites System (DELTASS) -- 7.5.1 Functional Architecture -- 7.5.2 Interactive Telemedical Services for Medical Telepresence -- 7.5.3 Interactive Live Teleconsultations -- 7.5.4 Live Telemonitoring During Triage -- 7.5.5 Live Telesonography -- 7.5.6 Live Telesurgery -- 7.5.7 Interactive Virtual Reality Simulation -- 7.5.8 Interactive Telemicrobiology -- 7.5.9 Internet Access and Consultation of External Databases.

7.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8 Telemedicine and Telesurgery in Remote Conditions -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 The Virtual Team -- 8.3 Extreme Environments -- 8.4 The Full Electronic Medical Staff -- 8.5 The Information at Point of Need -- 8.6 Planning Ahead -- 8.7 Information Management -- 8.8 Robots and Mechanical Assistants -- 8.9 Telementoring and Just-in-Time Learning -- References -- Chapter 9 Monitoring and Support in Remote and Extreme Environments -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 The Environment -- 9.1.2 Supporting Technologies -- 9.2 Satellites and Their Orbits -- 9.2.1 Low Earth Orbit (LEO) -- 9.2.2 Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) -- 9.2.3 Geostationary Orbit (GEO) -- 9.2.4 Molnyia Orbit -- 9.2.5 The Ground Segment -- 9.3 Distress Alarm and Emergency Location System: Cospas/Sarsat -- 9.4 Tracking System ARGOS -- 9.4.1 Other Tracking and Location Systems -- 9.5 Navigation and Geolocation -- 9.6 Remote Sensing -- 9.6.1 Satellite Imagery -- 9.6.2 Airborne Remote Sensing -- 9.7 Telecommunication -- 9.7.1 Low Bandwidth -- 9.7.2 Medium Bandwidth -- 9.7.3 High Bandwidth -- 9.7.4 Signal Propagation and Special Considerations -- 9.8 The Peripheral Sites -- 9.8.1 Structure -- 9.8.2 Effectiveness -- 9.9 Data Acquisition -- 9.9.1 Integrated Monitoring-The Rationale -- 9.9.2 Wearable Sensor Arrays -- 9.9.3 Image Acquisition -- 9.10 Special Considerations -- 9.11 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 10 Establishing Clinical Protocols and Standards: The Military Approach -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 The Need for Standardization and Its Limitations -- 10.3 NATO and Its Standardization Program -- 10.4 What Can/Should Be Standardized? -- 10.5 Standardization of Clinical Care -- 10.6 Technical Standardization/Specifications -- 10.7 Operational Standards/Business Practices: Bringing Order Out of Chaos.

10.8 Geopolitical Changes and the NATO Standardization Program -- 10.9 The NATO Standardization Process -- 10.10 Standardization as Applied to Telemedicine -- 10.11 The Standardization Work of NATO's Telemedicine Expert Team -- 10.12 Success and Failure -- 10.13 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 11 Telemedicine in Extreme Conditions: Disasters, War, and Remote Sites -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Military Telemedicine -- 11.3 Civilian Casualties -- 11.4 Natural Disasters -- 11.5 Terrorism -- 11.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 12 Operational Use of U.S. Army Telemedicine Information Systems in Iraq and Afghanistan-Considerations for NATO Operations -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 U.S. Army Theater Teleconsult Program -- 12.2.1 Quality Management -- 12.2.2 Consultant Responsibility -- 12.2.3 Lessons Learned -- 12.3 NATO Program Expansion -- 12.4 Experience with NATO Use of the System -- 12.5 Results -- 12.6 Lessons Learned/Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 13 Telemedicine in Extreme Conditions Using a Low-Bandwidth Portable Satellite: The Amazon Swim Exp edition -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Technology -- 13.3 Daily Virtual Rounds and Program Description -- 13.4 Health Report Card on the Expedition -- 13.5 Lessons Learned -- 13.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Selected Bibliography -- Chapter 14 Telehealth in Disaster Medicine and Humanitarian Assistance -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Emergency Management and Disaster Medicine Foundations -- 14.3 Applications of Telehealth in Disaster Medicine -- 14.4 Clinical Applications -- 14.5 Administrative Applications -- 14.6 Technical Considerations -- 14.7 Core Technical Infrastructure -- 14.7.1 Telecommunications -- 14.7.2 Power -- 14.7.3 Core Devices -- 14.8 Services -- 14.9 Applications -- 14.10 Challenges.

14.11 Anatomy of an Idealized Telehealth System for Disaster Medical Applications -- 14.12 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 15 Interhospital Telemedicine Practices -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Emergency Medicine -- 15.3 Intensive Care Unit -- 15.4 Radiology -- 15.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 16 Prehospital Telemedicine-Digital Ambulances -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 ER Link Policies and Protocol -- 16.3 ER Link Study -- 16.4 ER Link Call Quality -- 16.5 Conclusions -- 16.5.1 The System -- 16.5.2 The Network -- 16.5.3 The Clinical Benefit -- 16.5.4 Perception of ER Link Users -- 16.5.5 Third-Party Additions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 17 Telemedicine for Trauma and Emergency Care Management -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 The Case for Teletrauma in Disaster Response -- 17.3 Disparity in Trauma Care -- 17.4 Limited Information from the Rural Hospitals -- 17.5 Teletrauma Expectations -- 17.6 Technology -- 17.7 Current Teletrauma Programs -- 17.8 Prehospital Setting -- 17.9 Interhospital Teletrauma -- 17.10 Teletrauma Results -- 17.11 Sustainability of Teletrauma Programs -- 17.12 Communications for Supporting Medical Care in the Aftermath of Disasters -- 17.13 Disaster Access and Management -- 17.14 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 18 Telemedicine in Stroke -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Telestroke Systematic Review -- 18.3 Telestroke Technology and Services -- 18.4 Telestroke Hub-and-Spoke Model Characteristics -- 18.5 Telestroke Team Roles and Responsibilities -- 18.6 Telestroke Consultation -- 18.7 Telestroke Case -- 18.8 Telestroke Licensure and Credentialing -- 18.9 Telestroke Medical Liability -- 18.10 Telestroke Economic Issues -- 18.11 Telestroke State Network Development-Description of the Stroke Telemedicine for Arizona Rural Residents (STARR) Network: The Critical Steps.

18.12 Telestroke Consultative Modes: Telemedicine Versus Telephone.