Title -- Preface -- Table of Contents -- 0 Introduction -- 0.1 Subject of the book -- 0.2 Building Physics -- 0.2.1 Definition -- 0.2.2 Criteria -- 0.2.2.1 Comfort -- 0.2.2.2 Health -- 0.2.2.3 Architecture and materials -- 0.2.2.4 Economy -- 0.2.2.5 Sustainability -- 0.3 Importance of Building Physics -- 0.4 History of Building Physics -- 0.4.1 Heat, air and moisture -- 0.4.2 Building acoustics -- 0.4.3 Lighting -- 0.4.4 Thermal comfort and indoor air quality -- 0.4.5 Building physics and building services -- 0.4.6 Building physics and construction -- 0.4.7 What about the Low Countries? -- 0.5 Units and symbols -- 0.6 Literature -- 1 Heat Transfer -- 1.1 Overview -- 1.2 Conduction -- 1.2.1 Conservation of energy -- 1.2.2 Fourier's laws -- 1.2.2.1 First law -- 1.2.2.2 Second law -- 1.2.3 Steady state -- 1.2.3.1 What is it? -- 1.2.3.2 One dimension: flat assemblies -- 1.2.3.3 Two dimensions: cylinder symmetric -- 1.2.3.4 Two and three dimensions: thermal bridges -- 1.2.4 Transient regime -- 1.2.4.1 What? -- 1.2.4.2 Flat assemblies, periodic boundary conditions -- 1.2.4.3 Flat assemblies, random boundary conditions -- 1.2.4.4 Two and three dimensions -- 1.3 Convection -- 1.3.1 Heat exchange at a surface -- 1.3.2 Convective heat transfer -- 1.3.3 Convection typology -- 1.3.3.1 Driving forces -- 1.3.3.2 Flow type -- 1.3.4 Calculating the convective surface film coefficient -- 1.3.4.1 Analytically -- 1.3.4.2 Numerically -- 1.3.4.3 Dimensional analysis -- 1.3.5 Values for the convective surface film coefficient -- 1.3.5.1 Flat assemblies -- 1.3.5.2 Cavities -- 1.3.5.3 Pipes -- 1.4 Radiation -- 1.4.1 What is thermal radiation? -- 1.4.2 Quantities -- 1.4.3 Reflection, absorption and transmission -- 1.4.4 Radiant surfaces or bodies -- 1.4.5 Black bodies -- 1.4.5.1 Characteristics.

1.4.5.2 Radiant exchange between two black bodies: the view factor -- 1.4.5.3 Properties of view factors -- 1.4.5.4 Calculating view factors -- 1.4.6 Grey bodies -- 1.4.6.1 Characteristics -- 1.4.6.2 Radiant exchange between grey bodies -- 1.4.7 Coloured bodies -- 1.4.8 Practical formulae -- 1.5 Applications -- 1.5.1 Surface film coefficients and reference temperatures -- 1.5.1.1 Overview -- 1.5.1.2 Indoor environment -- 1.5.1.3 Outdoor environment -- 1.5.2 Steady state, one dimension: flat assemblies -- 1.5.2.1 Thermal transmittance and interface temperatures -- 1.5.2.2 Thermal resistance of a non ventilated, infinite cavity -- 1.5.2.3 Solar transmittance -- 1.5.3 Steady state, cylindrical coordinates: pipes -- 1.5.4 Steady state, two and three dimensions: thermal bridges -- 1.5.4.1 Calculation by the control volume method (CVM) -- 1.5.4.2 Practice -- 1.5.5 Steady state: windows -- 1.5.6 Steady state: building envelopes -- 1.5.6.1 Overview -- 1.5.6.2 Average thermal transmittance -- 1.5.7 Transient, periodic: flat assemblies. -- 1.5.8 Heat balances -- 1.5.9 Transient, periodic: spaces -- 1.5.9.1 Assumptions -- 1.5.9.2 Steady state heat balance -- 1.5.9.3 Harmonic heat balances 103 -- 1.6 Problems -- 1.7 Literature -- 2 Mass Transfer -- 2.1 Generalities -- 2.1.1 Quantities and definitions -- 2.1.2 Saturation degrees -- 2.1.3 Air and moisture transfer -- 2.1.4 Moisture sources -- 2.1.5 Air, moisture and durability -- 2.1.6 Link between mass and energy transfer -- 2.1.7 Conservation of mass -- 2.2 Air transfer -- 2.2.1 Overview -- 2.2.2 Air pressure differences 133 -- 2.2.2.1 Wind -- 2.2.2.2 Stack effects -- 2.2.2.3 Fans -- 2.2.3 Air permeances -- 2.2.4 Air transfer in open-porous materials -- 2.2.4.1 Conservation of mass -- 2.2.4.2 Flow equation -- 2.2.4.3 Air pressures.

2.2.4.4 One dimension: flat assemblies -- 2.2.4.5 Two and three dimensions -- 2.2.5 Air flow across permeable layers, apertures, joints, leaks and cavities -- 2.2.5.1 Flow equations -- 2.2.5.2 Conservation of mass: equivalent hydraulic circuit -- 2.2.6 Air transfer at building level -- 2.2.6.1 Definitions -- 2.2.6.2 Thermal stack -- 2.2.6.3 Large openings -- 2.2.6.4 Conservation of mass -- 2.2.6.5 Applications -- 2.2.7 Combined heat and air transfer -- 2.2.7.1 Open-porous materials -- 2.2.7.2 Air permeable layers, joints, leaks and cavities -- 2.3 Vapour transfer -- 2.3.1 Water vapour in the air -- 2.3.1.1 Overview -- 2.3.1.2 Quantities -- 2.3.1.3 Maximum vapour pressure and relative humidity -- 2.3.1.4 Changes of state in humid air -- 2.3.1.5 Enthalpy of humid air -- 2.3.1.6 Measuring air humidity -- 2.3.1.7 Applications -- 2.3.2 Water vapour in open-porous materials -- 2.3.2.1 Overview -- 2.3.2.2 Sorption isotherm and specific moisture ratio -- 2.3.2.3 Physics involved -- 2.3.2.4 Impact of salts -- 2.3.2.5 Consequences -- 2.3.3 Vapour transfer in the air -- 2.3.4 Vapour transfer in materials and assemblies -- 2.3.4.1 Flow equation -- 2.3.4.2 Conservation of mass -- 2.3.4.3 Vapour transfer by 'equivalent' diffusion -- 2.3.4.4 Vapour transfer by 'equivalent' diffusion and convection -- 2.3.5 Surface film coefficients for diffusion -- 2.3.6 Applications -- 2.3.6.1 Diffusion resistance of a cavity -- 2.3.6.2 Cavity ventilation -- 2.3.6.3 Water vapour balance in a space: surface condensation and drying -- 2.4 Moisture transfer -- 2.4.1 Overview -- 2.4.2 Moisture transfer in a pore -- 2.4.2.1 Capillarity -- 2.4.2.2 Water transfer -- 2.4.2.3 Vapour transfer -- 2.4.2.4 Moisture transfer -- 2.4.3 Moisture transfer in materials and assemblies -- 2.4.3.1 Transport equations -- 2.4.3.2 Conservation of mass.

2.4.3.3 Starting, boundary and contact conditions -- 2.4.3.4 Remark -- 2.4.4 Simplifying moisture transfer -- 2.4.4.1 The model -- 2.4.4.2 Applications -- 2.5 Problems -- 2.6 Literature -- 3 Combined heat-air-moisture transfer -- 3.1 Overview -- 3.2 Material and assembly level -- 3.2.1 Assumptions -- 3.2.2 Solution -- 3.2.3 Conservation laws -- 3.2.3.1 Mass -- 3.2.3.2 Energy -- 3.2.4 Flow equations -- 3.2.4.1 Heat -- 3.2.4.2 Mass, air -- 3.2.4.3 Mass, moisture -- 3.2.5 Equations of state -- 3.2.5.1 Enthalpy/temperature, vapour saturation pressure/temperature -- 3.2.5.2 Relative humidity/moisture content -- 3.2.5.3 Suction/moisture content -- 3.2.6 Starting, boundary and contact conditions -- 3.2.6.1 Starting conditions -- 3.2.6.2 Boundary conditions -- 3.2.6.3 Contact conditions -- 3.2.7 Two examples of simplified models -- 3.2.7.1 Non hygroscopic, non capillary materials -- 3.2.7.2 Hygroscopic materials at low moisture content -- 3.3 Building level -- 3.3.1 Overview -- 3.3.2 Balance equations -- 3.3.2.1 Vapour -- 3.3.2.2 Air -- 3.3.2.3 Heat -- 3.3.2.4 Closing the loop -- 3.3.3 Hygric inertia -- 3.3.3.1 Generalities -- 3.3.3.2 Sorption-active thickness -- 3.3.3.3 Zone with one sorption-active surface -- 3.3.3.4 Zone with several sorption-active surfaces -- 3.3.3.5 Harmonic analysis -- 3.3.4 Consequences -- 3.3.4.1 Steady state -- 3.3.4.2 Transient -- 3.4 Problems -- 3.5 Literature -- Postscript -- Problems and Solutions.