Cover -- Title Page -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- 1 Introduction -- Introduction -- The Rise of Health Equity Research -- The Aim of the Volume and the Audience -- Focal Variables, Research Questions, and Tools -- Organization of the Volume -- Notes -- References -- 2 Data for Health Equity Analysis: Requirements, Sources, and Sample Design -- Introduction -- Data Requirements for Health Equity Analysis -- Health Outcomes and Health-Related Behavior -- Living Standards or Socioeconomic Status -- Other Complementary Data -- Data Sources and Their Limitations -- Household Surveys and Other Nonroutine Data -- Routine Data: Health Information Systems and Censuses -- Examples of Survey Data -- Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS and DHS+) -- The Living Standards Measurement Study -- UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys -- WHO World Health Survey -- WHO Multicountry Evaluation of the Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses -- RAND Surveys -- Indonesia Family Life Survey -- Malaysian Family Life Surveys -- Matlab Health and Socioeconomic Survey -- Guatemalan Survey of Family Health -- University of North Carolina Surveys -- Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Surveys -- China Health and Nutrition Survey -- Nang Rong (Thailand) Projects -- Sample Design and the Analysis of Survey Data -- The Importance of taking Sample Design into Account: An Illustration -- Notes -- References -- 3 Health Outcome #1: Child Survival -- Introduction -- Complete Fertility History and Direct Mortality Estimation -- Preparing the Data: Example from the Living Standards Measurement Study -- Preparing the data: Demographic and Health Survey -- Computing mortality rates and standard errors -- Disaggregated Analysis and Sample Weights -- Incomplete Fertility History and Indirect Mortality Estimation -- Preparing the data for QFIVE.

Obtaining and Interpreting Output from QFIVE -- Notes -- References -- 4 Health Outcome #2: Anthropometrics -- Introduction -- Overview of Anthropometric Indicators -- Weight-for-Height -- Height-for-Age -- Weight-for-Age -- Standardization on a Reference Population -- Other Anthropometric Indicators -- Mid-Upper Arm Circumference -- Body Mass Index -- Computation of Anthropometric Indicators -- Software for Anthropometric Analysis -- From physical measurement to anthropometric indicators: a step-by-step guide using EPI INFO -- Constructing Anthropometric Indicators Using Stata -- Analyzing Anthropometric Data -- Useful sources of further information -- Notes -- References -- 5 Health Outcome #3: Adult Health -- Introduction -- Describing Health Inequalities with Categorical Data -- Demographic Standardization of the Health Distribution -- Indirect Standardization -- Direct Standardization -- Example-Age-Sex Standardization of an SAH Distribution, Jamaica 1989 -- Computation for Demographic Standardization -- Indirect Standardization -- Direct Standardization -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 6 Measurement of Living Standards -- Introduction -- An Overview of Living Standards Measures -- Direct Measures of Material Living Standards -- Proxy Measures of Living Standards -- Some Practical Issues in Constructing Living Standards Variables -- Measuring Income -- Measuring Consumption and Constructing Consumption Aggregates -- Aggregating Different Components of Consumption -- Food Consumption -- Nonfood Consumption -- Consumer Durables -- Adjusting for Cost-of-Living Differences -- Adjusting for Household Size and Composition -- Constructing an Asset Index -- Principal Components and Factor Analysis -- Using Factor Weights from Another Survey -- Does the Choice of the Measure of Living Standards Matter? -- Notes -- References.

7 Concentration Curves -- Introduction -- The Concentration Curve Defined -- Graphing concentration curves-the grouped-data case -- Graphing Concentration Curves-The Microdata Case -- Testing concentration Curve Dominance -- Notes -- References -- 8 The Concentration Index -- Introduction -- Definition and Properties -- Definition -- Properties -- Estimation and Inference for Grouped Data -- Point Estimate of the Concentration Index -- Standard Error -- Case in Which Within-Group Variances are Unknown -- Case in Which Within-Group Variances are Known -- Estimation and Inference for Microdata -- Point Estimate of the Concentration Index -- Computation of the Concentration Index -- Standard Error -- Demographic Standardization of the Concentration Index -- Sensitivity of the Concentration Index to the Living Standards Measure -- Notes -- References -- 9 Extensions to the Concentration Index: Inequality Aversion and the Health Achievement Index -- Introduction -- The Extended Concentration Index -- Computing the Extended Concentration Index on Microdata -- Computing the extended concentration index on grouped data -- Achievement-Trading Off Inequality and the Mean -- Computing the Achievement Index -- Notes -- References -- 10 Multivariate Analysis of Health Survey Data -- Introduction -- Descriptive versus Causal Analysis -- Descriptive Analysis -- Causal Models -- Estimation and Inference with Complex Survey Data -- Stratified Sampling -- Computation -- Cluster Samples -- Case 1: Exogenous Cluster Effects -- Case 2: Endogenous Cluster Effects -- Computation -- Explaining Community Effects -- Case 1: Exogenous Cluster (Community) Effects -- Case 2: Endogenous Cluster (Community) Effects -- Computation -- Sample Weights -- Further Reading -- References -- 11 Nonlinear Models for Health and Medical Expenditure Data -- Introduction.

Binary Dependent Variables -- Computation -- Limited Dependent Variables -- Two-Part Model -- Tobit Model -- Sample Selection Model -- Computation -- Count Dependent Variables -- Computation -- Further Reading -- Notes -- References -- 12 Explaining Differences between Groups: Oaxaca Decomposition -- Introduction -- Oaxaca-Type Decompositions -- Some Preliminaries -- Oaxaca's Decomposition -- Related Decompositions -- Illustration: Decomposing Poor-Nonpoor Differences in Child Malnutrition in Vietnam -- Regression Model and Its Estimation -- Decomposition -- Extensions -- Notes -- References -- 13 Explaining Socioeconomic-Related Health Inequality: Decomposition of the Concentration Index -- Introduction -- Decomposition of the concentration index -- Computation -- Decomposition of change in the concentration index -- Computation -- Extensions -- Notes -- References -- 14 Who Benefits from Health Sector Subsidies? Benefit Incidence Analysis -- Introduction -- Distribution of Public Health Care Utilization -- Calculation of the Public Health Subsidy -- Definition of Public Subsidy -- Unit Costs -- User Fees -- Evaluating the Distribution of the Health Subsidy -- Computation -- Notes -- References -- 15 Measuring and Explaining Inequity in Health Service Delivery -- Introduction -- Measuring Horizontal Inequity -- Indirect Standardization with Nonlinear Models -- Computation -- Explaining Horizontal Inequity -- Computation -- Further Reading -- Notes -- References -- 16 Who Pays for Health Care? Progressivity of Health Finance -- Introduction -- Definition and measurement of variables -- Ability to pay -- Health Care Payments -- Assessing Progressivity -- Measuring Progressivity -- Progressivity of Overall Health Financing -- Computation -- Notes -- References -- 17 Redistributive Effect of Health Finance -- Introduction.

Decomposing the redistributive effect -- Computation -- Notes -- References -- 18 Catastrophic Payments for Health Care -- Introduction -- Catastrophic Payments-a Definition -- Measuring Incidence and Intensity of Catastrophic Payments -- Distribution-Sensitive Measures of Catastrophic Payments -- Computation -- Further reading -- Notes -- References -- 19 Health Care Payments and Poverty -- Introduction -- Health Payments-Adjusted Poverty Measures -- Defining the Poverty Line -- Computation -- References -- Back Cover.