Acknowledgments -- About the Author -- List of Abbreviations -- Introduction: Territoriality: The Thread of Indigenous Cultures -- PART I: INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AS VICTIMS: THEORIES OF DISPOSSESSION -- Chapter 1: Means of Acquisition -- A. The Conquest of Indigenous Terrorities -- 1. Justifications of Conquest: Commerce, Christianity and Civilization -- a. In the Name of the Pope: The Holy Conquest -- b. The Naturalist Theory: A Conquest for "Civilization" -- 2. Discriminatory Rules of Conquest -- B. The Occupation of Indigenous Terrorities -- 1. The Post-Westphalian Order: Dichotomy Between Nations and Indigenous Communities -- 2. Occupation of "Vacant" Territories: Terra Nullius as a Legal Fiction -- 3. Terra Nullius by Other Means: Contemporary Forms of Denial -- a. The Positivist Requirement of "Effective Occupation" -- b. Impact of Uti Possidetis on Indigenous Territorial Ownership -- C. Conclusion -- Chapter 2: Means of Extinguishment -- A. The Extinguishment of Indigenous Territorial Sovereignty by Colonial Treaties -- 1. A Process of Retrogression: From International Law to "Domestic Dependent Nations" -- 2. The "Trail of Broken Treaties": Contemporary Enforcement of Colonial Treaties -- B. Theories of Extinguishable Indigenous Land Rights -- 1. Discovery: A Theory of Extinguishable Right of Occupancy -- 2. Contemporary Theories of Extinguishable Indigenous Title -- a. Content and Sources of Indigenous Title: The Burden of Proof -- i. Nature and Source of Indigenous Title -- ii. Proof of Indigenous Title: The Impossible Burden of Proof ? -- b. Human Rights Approach on Extinguishment -- i. The Justification Test: Clear and Plain Legislative Intention -- ii. Extinguishment Versus Equality -- iii. Extinguishment Versus Participatory Rights -- C. Conclusion -- PART II: INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AS SUBJECTS: THEORIES OF PROTECTION AND REPARATION.

Chapter 3: Land Rights as Proprietary Rights -- A. Promises and Weaknesses of the Property Rights Discourse -- 1. Property Rights: Sources and Content -- a. The Western Framing of Individual Property Rights -- b. Property as a Human Right -- 2. Towards an Indigenous Peoples' Right to Collective Land Ownership -- a. International Law: An Emergence of Collective Ownership -- i. Ownership Under ILO -- ii. The Emergence of Indigenous Peoples' Collective Property Rights -- b. Recognition of Collective Ownership at the National Level: The "Social" Function of Land Rights -- 3. Conclusions: Limits of Land Rights as a Proprietary Right -- B. A Right to Use: Land Rights as a Cultural Right -- 1. Land Rights as Subsistence Rights -- a. Land Rights as a Means to a Collective Existence: Ethnocide, Cultural Genocide or Crimes Against Humanity -- b. Right to Subsistence: Access to Livelihood -- 2. Land Rights as a Way of Life -- 3. The "Heritage" Approach -- C. Conclusion -- Chapter 4: Remedies: Restitution and Special Measures -- A. Reparations: Restitution and Compensation -- 1. Restitution and Compensation -- a. The Exception: Compensation and Alternative Lands -- b. The Principle: The Right to Restitution -- 2. Addressing Past Dispossession: The Role of Human Rights -- a. Intertemporal Law Versus Restitution? -- b. National Institutions for Restitution -- i. South Africa: Restitution at the Heart of the Struggle Against Discrimination -- ii. New Zealand: Restitution Through Negotiations -- B. Special Measures and Land Rights -- 1. Reserved Land and Restriction on Land Transferability -- a. The Origins: The Paternalistic Approach of Reserved Lands -- b. Special Measures on Land Alienability -- 2. Special Measures for Land Identification and Demarcation -- 3. Sui Generis Special Measures on Land Rights -- C. Conclusion.

PART III INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AS ACTORS: NEGOTIATING LAND RIGHTS -- Chapter 5: Self-Determination and Autonomy: Emerging Standards on Territorial Negotiations -- A. The Self-Determination and Land Rights Nexus -- 1. Current Understandings of Self-Determination: States' Territorial Integrity and Indigenous Participation -- a. The Caveat of Self-Determination: States'Territorial Integrity -- b. Self-Determination as a Right to Participate in Land Management -- i. Self-Determination as a Right to Natural Resources -- ii. Self-Determination as a "Participatory" Land Right -- 2. Evolving Understandings of Self-Determination: Consent and Territorial Negotiations -- a. A Right to "Freely Determine": Self-Determination as a Norm for the Free, Prior and Informed Consent -- b. Towards a Specific Form of "Indigenous Self-Determination": A Right to Territorial Negotiations -- B. Autonomy and Implications for Indigenous Peoples' Land Rights -- 1. Autonomy and Land Rights: Two Sides of the Same Coin -- 2. Indigenous Experiences with Institutional and Territorial Autonomy -- a. Institutional Autonomy: Legal Basis, Prospects and Limits -- i. The Saami Parliaments: Usufructuary Rights -- ii. The Panchayat System: Consultation and Land Alienation -- iii. Comments on Institutional Autonomy and Indigenous Peoples' Land Rights -- b. Territorial Autonomy: Sharing the Experience -- i. Imposed Forms of Autonomy: Northeast India and Greenland -- ii. Negotiated Form of Autonomy: The Model of Nunavut -- 3. Observations on Autonomy -- C. Conclusion: Self-Determination and Autonomy as Rights to Negotiation -- Chapter 6: Modern Treaties and Land Rights: The Renewal of a Dialogue -- A. Land for Peace: Peace Agreements and Indigenous Peoples' Territorial Rights -- 1. Negotiations: Entrenching Human Rights in Peace Agreement.

a. Land and Identity: The Recognition of Customary Laws and Collective Ownership in New Caledonia and Mexico -- b. Using Human Rights as a Framework for Negotiations: The Example of Guatemala -- 2. Implementation: The Role of Human Rights Institutions -- a. Follow-Up to Legislative Implementation -- b. Role of Power Sharing: Establishing Land Rights Institutions -- B. Land Claim Settlement Agreements and Land Use Agreements -- 1. The Comprehensive Claims Process: The Canadian Model -- a. The Treaty Policy: An Overview -- b. Limits of the Canadian Model: The Surrender Policy -- 2. Land Use Agreements: Towards Co-Management -- a. Protected Areas Agreements: The Example of South Africa -- b. Australia: Indigenous Land Use Agreements -- C. Conclusion -- Conclusion -- Table of Treaties and Instruments -- Table of Cases -- Selected Bibliography -- Index.