Front Cover -- The Biology of Human Longevity -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1: Inflammation and Oxidation in Aging and Chronic Diseases -- Part I -- 1.1. Overview -- 1.2. Experimental Models for Aging -- 1.2.1. Mortality Rate Accelerations -- 1.2.2. Mammals -- 1.2.3. Cultured Cell Models and Replicative Senescence -- 1.2.4. Invertebrate Models -- 1.2.5. Yeast -- 1.2.6. The Biochemistry of Aging -- 1.2.7. Biomarkers of Aging and Mortality Risk Markers -- 1.2.8. Evolutionary Theories of Aging -- 1.3. Outline of Inflammation -- 1.3.1. Innate Defense Mechanisms -- 1.3.2. Genetic Variations of Inflammatory Responses -- 1.3.3. Inflammation and Energy -- 1.3.4. Amyloids and Inflammation -- 1.4. Bystander Damage and Dependent Variables in Senescence -- 1.4.1. Free Radical Bystander Damage (Type 1) -- 1.4.2. Glyco-oxidation (Type 2) -- 1.4.3. Chronic Proliferation (Type 3) -- 1.4.4. Mechanical Bystander Effects (Type 4) -- Part II -- 1.5. Arterial Aging and Atherosclerosis -- 1.5.1. Overview and Ontogeny -- 1.5.2. Hazards of Hypertension -- 1.5.3. Mechanisms -- 1.5.3.1. Inflammation -- 1.5.3.2. Hemodynamics -- 1.5.3.3. Aging -- 1.5.3.4. Endothelial Progenitor Cells -- 1.5.4. Blood Risk Factors for Vascular Disease and Overlap with Acute Phase Responses -- 1.6. Alzheimer Disease and Vascular-related Dementias -- 1.6.1. Neuropathology of Alzheimer Disease -- 1.6.2. Inflammation in Alzheimer Disease -- 1.6.3. Prodromal Stages of Alzheimer Disease -- 1.6.4. Overlap of Alzheimer and Cerebrovascular Changes -- 1.6.5. Insulin and IGF-1 in Vascular Disease and Alzheimer Disease -- 1.6.6. Blood Inflammatory Proteins: Markers for Disease or Aging, or Both? -- 1.7. Inflammation in Obesity -- 1.8. Processes of Normal Aging in the Absence of Specific Diseases -- 1.8.1. Brain.

1.8.2. Generalized Inflammatory Changes in Normal Tissue Aging -- 1.9. Summary -- Chapter 2 :Infections, Inflammogens, and Drugs -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Vascular Disease -- 2.2.1. Historical Associations of Infections and Vascular Mortality -- 2.2.2. Modern Serologic Associations -- 2.3. Infections from the Central Tube: Metchnikoff Revisited -- 2.3.1. Humans: Leakage from Periodontal Disease and Possibly the Lower Intestine -- 2.3.2. Worms and Flies as Models for Human Intestinal Microbial Intrusion -- 2.4. Aerosols and Dietary Inflammogens -- 2.4.1. Aerosols -- 2.4.2. Food -- 2.5. Infections, Inflammation, and Life Span -- 2.5.1. Historical Human Populations -- 2.5.2. Longer Rodent Life Spans with Improved Husbandry -- 2.6. Are Infections a Cause of Obesity? -- 2.7. Inflammation, Dementia, and Cognitive Decline -- 2.7.1. Alzheimer Disease -- 2.7.2. HIV, Dementia, and Amyloid -- 2.7.3. Peripheral Amyloids -- 2.7.4. Inflammation and Cognitive Decline During 'Usual' Aging -- 2.8. Immunosenescence and Stem Cells -- 2.8.1. Immunosenescence and Cumulative Exposure -- 2.8.2. Immunosenescence and Telomere Loss -- 2.8.3. Inflammation and Stem Cells -- 2.9. Cancer, Infection, and Inflammation -- 2.9.1. Helicobacter Pylori and Hepatitis B Virus -- 2.9.2. Smoking and Lung Cancer -- 2.10. Pharmacopleiotropies in Vascular Disease, Dementia, and Cancer -- 2.10.1. Anti-inflammatory and Anti-coagulant Drugs -- 2.10.2. Aspirin and Other NSAIDs -- 2.10.3. Statins -- 2.10.3.1. Vascular Disease -- 2.10.3.2. Dementia -- 2.10.4. Sex Steroid Replacement (Hormone Therapy) -- 2.10.5. Plant-derived Micronutrients and Neutriceuticals -- 2.11. Summary -- Chapter 3: Energy Balance, Inflammation, and Aging -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Diet Restriction and Aging -- 3.2.1. Overview of Animal Models -- 3.2.2. Diet Restriction and Disease in Rodent Models.

3.2.3. Diet Restriction, Starvation, Vascular Disease, and Longevity in Humans -- 3.2.4. Diet Restriction, Infections and Inflammation -- 3.2.5. Somatic Repair and Regeneration -- 3.3. Energy Sensing in Diet Restriction and Satiety -- 3.3.1. Physiology -- 3.3.2. Biochemistry -- 3.3.3. Relevance to Arterial Disease and Cancer -- 3.4. Exercise, Cardiovascular Health, and Longevity -- 3.4.1. Humans -- 3.4.2. Rodent Models -- 3.4.3. Mechanisms in Exercise and Longevity -- 3.5. Diet, Exercise, and Neurodegeneration -- 3.5.1. Alzheimer Disease -- 3.5.2. Synaptic Atrophy in the Absence of Neurodegeneration -- 3.6. Laboratory Rodents as Models for the 'Couch Potato' -- 3.7. Energy Balance in the Life History -- 3.8. Summary -- Chapter 4: Nutrition and Infection in the Developmental Influences on Aging -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Synopsis of the Fetal Origins Theory -- 4.3. The Barker Studies of Infections and Vascular Disease -- 4.4. Size, Health, and Longevity -- 4.4.1. Adult Height, Vascular Disease, and Longevity -- 4.4.2. Size at Birth and Adult Height -- 4.4.3. Criteria for Growth Retardation -- 4.4.4. Maternal Metabolism and Fetal Growth -- 4.4.5. Birth Size and Adult Vascular and Metabolic Disease -- 4.4.6. Twins: Small Size at Birth and Catch-up Growth, but Normal Longevity -- 4.5. Infection and Undernutrition on Birth Weight and Later Disease -- 4.5.1. The Tangle -- 4.5.2. Maternal Infections and Nutrition -- 4.5.3. Smoking and Aerosols -- 4.6. Infection and Nutrition in Postnatal Development and Later Disease -- 4.6.1. Diarrheas in Growth Retardation -- 4.6.2. Seasonal Effects -- 4.6.3. Serum Immune Response Markers of Chronic Infection in Health-Poor Children -- 4.6.4. Infections During Development -- 4.6.5. The Cost of Infections to Postnatal Growth: Evidence from Migration and Antibiotics -- 4.6.6. Unknowns -- 4.7. Famine.

4.7.1. World War II (WWII) -- 4.7.2. 19th Century Famines -- 4.8. Maternal Physiology, Fetal Growth, and Later Chronic Disease -- 4.9. Growth in Adaptive Responses to the Environment -- 4.10. Genomics of Fetal Growth Regulation -- 4.10.1. Inherited Genetic Variations -- 4.10.2. Gene Imprinting: Inherited but Epigenetic Influences on Development -- 4.11. Summary -- Chapter 5: Genetics -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Sources of Individual Variations in Aging and Life Span -- 5.3. Sex Differences in Longevity -- 5.4. Metabolism and Host-Defense in Worm and Fly -- 5.4.1. Metabolic Gene Signaling -- 5.4.2. Immunity and Metabolism -- 5.5. The Worm -- 5.5.1. Overview -- 5.5.2. Slower Eating Increases Life Span -- 5.5.3. Metabolism and Host Defense -- 5.6. Fly -- 5.6.1. Overview -- 5.6.2. Metabolism and Diet Restriction -- 5.6.3. Heart -- 5.6.4. Infections, Host Defense, and Stress Resistance -- 5.6.5. Natural Variations in Longevity Pathways -- 5.7. Mammals -- 5.7.1. Growth and Metabolism -- 5.7.1.1. Rodent Mutants with Altered Insulin Signaling and Fat Metabolism -- 5.7.1.2. Human Hereditary Variations in Metabolic Genes -- 5.7.1.3. Size and Longevity -- 5.7.1.4. The Insulin-Sensitivity Paradox -- 5.7.2. Inflammation -- 5.7.3. Lipoproteins and Cholesterol Metabolism -- 5.7.4. ApoE4 Interactions with Diet, Cognition, and Vascular Aging -- 5.7.5. ApoE Alleles, Infection, and Reproduction -- 5.8. Summary -- Chapter 6: The Human Life Span: Present, Past, and Future -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. From Great Ape to Human -- 6.2.1. Human Life History Evolution -- 6.2.2. Chimpanzee Aging -- 6.2.3. The Evolution of Meat-Eating -- 6.2.4. Meat Adaptive Genes -- 6.2.5. The Increase in Life Expectancy -- 6.3. Four Major Shifts in Human Life History from Genetic and Cultural Evolution -- 6.4. The Instability of Life Spans -- 6.4.1. Infections -- 6.4.2. Air Quality.

6.4.3. Obesity and Diabetes -- 6.4.4. Prospects -- 6.5. Summary of Chapters 1-6: Mechanisms in Aging and Life History Evolution -- References -- Name Index -- Subject Index.