Fundamental Physics for Probing and Imaging.
Title:
Fundamental Physics for Probing and Imaging.
Author:
Allison, Wade.
ISBN:
9780191525339
Personal Author:
Physical Description:
1 online resource (349 pages)
Contents:
Contents -- 1 Physics for security -- 1.1 The task -- 1.1.1 Stimulation by fear and the search for security -- 1.1.2 Crucial physics for probing -- 1.1.3 Basic approaches to imaging -- 1.2 Value of images -- 1.2.1 Information from images -- 1.2.2 Comparing modalities -- 1.3 Safety, risk and education -- 1.3.1 Public apprehension of physics -- 1.3.2 Assessing safety -- 2 Magnetism and magnetic resonance -- 2.1 An elemental magnetic dipole -- 2.1.1 Laws of electromagnetism -- 2.1.2 Current loop as a magnetic dipole -- 2.1.3 The Larmor frequency -- 2.2 Magnetic materials -- 2.2.1 Magnetisation and microscopic dipoles -- 2.2.2 Hyperfine coupling in B-field -- 2.3 Electron spin resonance -- 2.3.1 Magnetic resonance -- 2.3.2 Detection and application -- 2.4 Nuclear magnetic resonance -- 2.4.1 Characteristics -- 2.4.2 Local field variations -- 2.4.3 Relaxation -- 2.4.4 Elements of an experiment -- 2.4.5 Measurement of relaxation times -- 2.5 Magnetic field measurement -- 2.5.1 Earth's field -- 2.5.2 Measurement by electromagnetic induction -- 2.5.3 Measurement by magnetic resonance -- 3 Interactions of ionising radiation -- 3.1 Sources and phenomenology -- 3.1.1 Sources of radiation -- 3.1.2 Imaging with radiation -- 3.1.3 Single and multiple collisions -- 3.2 Kinematics of primary collisions -- 3.2.1 Kinematics and dynamics -- 3.2.2 Energy and momentum transfer -- 3.2.3 Recoil kinematics -- 3.2.4 Applications of recoil kinematics -- 3.3 Electromagnetic radiation in matter -- 3.3.1 Compton scattering -- 3.3.2 Photoabsorption -- 3.3.3 Pair production -- 3.4 Elastic scattering collisions of charged particles -- 3.4.1 Dynamics of scattering by a point charge † -- 3.4.2 Cross section for energy loss by recoil -- 3.5 Multiple collisions of charged particles -- 3.5.1 Cumulative energy loss of a charged particle -- 3.5.2 Range of charged particles.
3.5.3 Multiple Coulomb scattering -- 3.6 Radiative energy loss by electrons -- 3.6.1 Classical, semi-classical and QED electromagnetism -- 3.6.2 Weissäcker-Williams virtual photon picture -- 3.6.3 Radiation length -- 4 Mechanical waves and properties of matter -- 4.1 Stress, strain and waves in homogeneous materials -- 4.1.1 Relative displacements and internal forces -- 4.1.2 Elastic fluids -- 4.1.3 Longitudinal waves in fluids -- 4.1.4 Stress and strain in solids † -- 4.1.5 Polarisation of waves in solids † -- 4.2 Reflection and transmission of waves in bounded media -- 4.2.1 Reflection and transmission at normal incidence -- 4.2.2 Relative directions of waves at boundaries † -- 4.2.3 Relative amplitudes of waves at boundaries † -- 4.3 Surface waves and normal modes -- 4.3.1 General surface waves -- 4.3.2 Rayleigh waves on free solid surfaces -- 4.3.3 Waves at fluid-fluid interfaces -- 4.3.4 Normal mode oscillations -- 4.4 Structured media -- 4.4.1 Interatomic potential wells -- 4.4.2 Linear absorption -- 5 Information and data analysis -- 5.1 Conservation of information -- 5.2 Linear transformations -- 5.2.1 Fourier transforms -- 5.2.2 Wavelet transforms -- 5.3 Analysis of data using models -- 5.3.1 General features -- 5.3.2 Least squares and minimum χ[sup(2)] methods -- 5.3.3 Maximum likelihood method -- 6 Analysis and damage by irradiation -- 6.1 Radiation detectors -- 6.1.1 Photons and ionisation generated by irradiation -- 6.1.2 Task of radiation detection -- 6.1.3 Charged particle detectors -- 6.1.4 Electromagnetic radiation detectors -- 6.2 Analysis methods for elements and isotopes -- 6.2.1 Element concentration analysis -- 6.2.2 Isotope concentration analysis -- 6.2.3 Radiation damage analysis -- 6.3 Radiation exposure of the population at large -- 6.3.1 Measurement of human radiation exposure -- 6.3.2 Sources of general radiation exposure.
6.4 Radiation damage to biological tissue -- 6.4.1 Hierarchy of damage in space and time -- 6.4.2 Survival and recovery data -- 6.5 Nuclear energy and applications -- 6.5.1 Fission and fusion -- 6.5.2 Weapons and the environment -- 6.5.3 Nuclear power and accidents -- 7 Imaging with magnetic resonance -- 7.1 Magnetic resonance imaging -- 7.1.1 Spatial encoding with gradients -- 7.1.2 Artefacts and imperfections in the image -- 7.1.3 Pulse sequences -- 7.1.4 Multiple detector coils -- 7.2 Functional magnetic resonance imaging -- 7.2.1 Functional imaging -- 7.2.2 Flow and diffusion -- 7.2.3 Spectroscopic imaging -- 7.2.4 Risks and limitations -- 8 Medical imaging and therapy with ionising radiation -- 8.1 Projected X-ray absorption images -- 8.1.1 X-ray sources and detectors -- 8.1.2 Optimisation of images -- 8.1.3 Use of passive contrast agents -- 8.2 Computed tomography with X-rays -- 8.2.1 Image reconstruction in space -- 8.2.2 Patient exposure and image quality -- 8.3 Functional imaging with radioisotopes -- 8.3.1 Single photon emission computed tomography -- 8.3.2 Resolution and radiation exposure limitations -- 8.3.3 Positron emission tomography -- 8.4 Radiotherapy -- 8.4.1 Irradiation of the tumour volume -- 8.4.2 Sources of radiotherapy -- 8.4.3 Treatment planning and delivery of RT -- 8.4.4 Exploitation of non-linear effects -- 9 Ultrasound for imaging and therapy -- 9.1 Imaging with ultrasound -- 9.1.1 Methods of imaging -- 9.1.2 Material testing and medical imaging -- 9.2 Generation of ultrasound beams -- 9.2.1 Ultrasound transducers -- 9.2.2 Ultrasound beams -- 9.2.3 Beam quality and related artefacts -- 9.3 Scattering in inhomogeneous materials -- 9.3.1 A single small inhomogeneity -- 9.3.2 Regions of inhomogeneity -- 9.3.3 Measurement of motion using the Doppler effect -- 9.4 Non-linear behaviour.
9.4.1 Materials under non-linear conditions -- 9.4.2 Harmonic imaging -- 9.4.3 Constituent model of non-linearity -- 9.4.4 Progressive non-linear waves -- 9.4.5 Absorption of high intensity ultrasound -- 10 Forward look and conclusions -- 10.1 Developments in imaging -- 10.2 Revolutions in cancer therapy -- 10.3 Safety concerns in ultrasound -- 10.4 Rethinking the safety of ionising radiation -- 10.5 New ideas, old truths and education -- Appendices -- A: Conventions, nomenclature and units -- B: Glossary of terms and abbreviations -- C: Hints and answers to selected questions -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- X -- Z.
Abstract:
This unique textbook explains the fundamental physics that makes it possible to see inside things around us. Written for professional physicists and students, it follows applications in medicine and elsewhere. It puts physics in a cultural context, addresses matters of fear and safety, and reaches some significant conclusions. - ;Physics has reduced fear and increased safety for society, largely by extending the power to see. The methods used are magnetic resonance, ionising radiation and sound, with their extensions. This textbook expounds the fundamental physics of these. It follows how they are applied by modern technology to "seeing" in clinical medicine including therapy and in other spheres of human activity such as archaeology, geophysics, security and navigation. By taking a broad view over the. whole field, the book encourages comparisons, underlines the importance of public education and reaches fresh conclusions of some political importance concerning safety. This textbook has developed from a course given to third year students at Oxford and is written so that it can be used coherently as a. basis for shorter courses by omitting certain chapters. - ;All of us (whether students or professionals, academics or clinicians) need to engage with the fundamentals of our subject and medical physicists can do so with this book. For most of us, the going will be tough but the effort worthwhile. Scope, December 2007. - ;'This is a very good text for the prospective reader with a decent price tag. It would be useful for undergraduates in physics and related disciplines and those interested in medical imaging and therapy. Physical Sciences Educational Reviews, December 2007 - ;The author isn't afraid of equations and gives good account of those necessary to understand this growing imaging technology. We see cat scans and the like on Medical TV
shows, but this is the kind of book Doctors need to get some understanding of the technology. I have in the past condemned other books for not being willing to put their equations where their mouth is: not here. We really need more books like this one and fewer dumbing down texts that insult the reader. Amazon 5. Star Review 2007, R. Bagula, USA - ;"Medical imaging works with relatively poor images of complex objects that show subtle distinctions between normal and diseased, yet systems are required to work correctly almost every time. The only way that this can possibly be achieved is for systems to incorporate models: of physiology, and of image formation. For years, I have wanted my students to have available a concise yet readable and authoritative introduction to the basic physics of image formation. Wade Allison's book. admirably addresses that need. - Sir Michael Brady, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford,;'Of high quality in terms of its level of discussion and the care and sequencing with which new concepts are introduced. There is a need for such a book.' - David Saxon, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Glasgow.
Local Note:
Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2017. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.
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Electronic Access:
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