Nanoreactor Engineering for Life Sciences and Medicine -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Introduction to Nanoreactor Technology -- 1.1 What is a Nanoreactor? -- 1.2 Examples of Nanoreactor Systems -- 1.2.1 Overview -- 1.2.2 Molecular Organic Nanoreactors -- 1.2.3 Macromolecular Nanoreactors -- 1.2.4 Micelle, Vesicles, and Nano/Micro/Mini Emulsions -- 1.2.5 Porous Macroscopic Solids -- 1.3 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2: Miniemulsion Droplets as Nanoreactors -- 2.1 Different Kinds of Polymerization in the Nanoreactors -- 2.1.1 Radical Polymerization -- 2.1.2 Controlled Free-Radical Miniemulsion Polymerization -- 2.1.3 Anionic Polymerization -- 2.1.4 Cationic Polymerization -- 2.1.5 Enzymatic Polymerization -- 2.1.6 Oxidative Polymerization -- 2.1.7 Catalytic Polymerization -- 2.1.8 Polyaddition Reaction -- 2.1.9 Polycondensation Reaction -- 2.1.10 Polymerase Chain Reaction -- 2.2 Formation of Nanocapsules -- 2.2.1 Generation of Encapsulated Inorganics -- 2.2.2 Encapsulation of Hydrophobic Molecules -- 2.2.3 Direct Generation of Polymer Capsules and Hollow Particles -- 2.2.4 Encapsulation of Hydrophobic Liquids -- 2.2.5 Encapsulation of Hydrophilic Liquids by Interfacial Reaction -- 2.2.6 Encapsulation of Hydrophilic Components by Nanoprecipitation -- 2.3 Crystallization in Miniemulsion Droplets -- 2.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Transport Phenomena and Chemical Reactions in Nanoscale Surfactant Networks -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Construction, Shape Transformations, and Structural Modifications of Phospholipid Nanotube-Vesicle Networks -- 3.2.1 Phospholipid Membranes and Vesicles -- 3.2.2 Self-Assembly of Vesicular Systems -- 3.2.3 Lipid Nanotubes -- 3.2.4 Nanotube-Vesicle Networks, Forced Shape Transitions, and Structural Self-Organization -- 3.2.5 Membrane Biofunctionalization of Liposomes and Vesicle-Cell Hybrids.

3.2.6 Internal Volume Functionalization and Compartmentalization ofNanotube-Vesicle Networks -- 3.3 Transport Phenomena in Nanotube-Vesicle Networks -- 3.3.1 Mass Transport and Mixing in Nanotube-Vesicle Networks -- 3.3.2 Transport by Diffusion -- 3.3.3 Tension-Controlled (Marangoni) Lipid Flow and Intratubular Liquid Flowin Nanotubes -- 3.3.4 Electrophoretic Transport -- 3.3.5 Solution Mixing-in Inflated Vesicles through a Nanotube -- 3.4 Chemical Reactions in Nanotube-Vesicle Networks -- 3.4.1 Diffusion-Controlled Reactions in Confined Spaces -- 3.4.2 Chemical Transformations in Individual Vesicles -- 3.4.3 Enzymatic Reactions in Nanotube-Vesicle Networks -- 3.4.4 Controlled Initiation of Enzymatic Reactions -- 3.4.5 Control of Enzymatic Reactions by Network Architecture -- 3.5 Summary and Outlook -- Se lected Bib li og ra phy -- Chapter 4: Ordered Mesoporous Materials -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 The Mechanism of Self-Assembly of Mesoporous Materials -- 4.3 Functionalization of the Pore Walls -- 4.4 Controlling the Mesopore Diameter -- 4.5 Characterization -- 4.6 Protein Adsorption and Enzyme Activity -- 4.7 Morphogenesis of Nano- and Microparticles -- 4.8 Drug Delivery -- 4.9 Bioactive Glasses for Tissue Engineering -- 4.10 Summary -- Ref er ences -- Chapter 5: A Novel Nanoreactor for Biosensing -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Basic Design of a Nanoreactor for ROS Detection -- 5.2.1 Overall Mechanism -- 5.2.2 Chemiluminescence of Luminol -- 5.2.3 Resonance Energy Transfer Inside a Nanoreactor -- 5.2.4 A Kinetics Model of Nanoreactor Chemiluminescence and Fluorescence -- 5.3 Synthesis of a Nanoreactor -- 5.3.1 Outline of Nanoreactor Synthesis -- 5.3.2 Encapsulation of the Reactants in Liposomes -- 5.3.3 Self-Assembly of Calcium Phosphate Shells over the Liposomes and Nanoreactor Stabilization with CEPA -- 5.4 Characterization of a Synthesized Nanoreactor.

5.4.1 Physical Feature of a Nanoreactor -- 5.4.2 Internal Structure of the Calcium Phosphate Shell -- 5.4.3 Concentrations of Reactants in Nanoreactors -- 5.5 Detection of ROS with the Nanoreactor -- 5.5.1 Stopped Flow Analyses of Luminescence -- 5.5.2 Time-Resolved Luminescence of Luminol in Solution and Inside Nanoreactors -- 5.5.3 Spectrophotometric Chemiluminescence and Fluorescence Analyses Show That RET Is Significantly Enhanced in Nanoreactors -- 5.5.4 The RET Takes Place Inside Nanoreactors -- 5.6 Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and Diseases -- 5.6.1 Significance of ROS in Human Bodies -- 5.6.2 Conventional Methods of ROS Detection Are Cumbersome and Often Error Ridden Due to the Influence of Compounds Found in the Body -- 5.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6: Surface Nanoreactors for Efficient Catalysis of Hydrolytic Reactions -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Emulsion-Based Surface Nanoreactors -- 6.1.2 Polymer-Based Surface Nanoreactors (Case of Polymer Aggregates) -- 6.1.3 Polymer-Based Surface Nanoreactors (Case of Polymer Globules) -- 6.2 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 7: Nanoreactors for Enzyme Therapy -- 7.1 Enzymes and Disease -- 7.2 Enzyme Therapy -- 7.2.1 Intravenous Administration and Chemical Modification of Enzymes for Therapeutic Use -- 7.2.2 Antibody and Viral Vector Targeting of Enzyme Therapies -- 7.2.3 Microreactor Immobilization of Enzyme Therapies -- 7.2.4 Nanoreactor Immobilization of Enzyme Therapies -- 7.3 Summary -- Ref er ences -- Chapter 8: Nanoractors in Stem Cell Research -- 8.1 Stem Cells Are a Crucial Cell Population in Animal and Human Organisms -- 8.2 (Stem) Cells as Nanoreactors -- 8.3 The Concept of Stem Cells is Born: Definition of the Hematopoetic Stem Cell -- 8.4 "New" Stem Cell Types -- 8.4.1 Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSC) -- 8.5 Nanoreactors/Nanoparticles and Mammalian (Stem) Cells.

8.5.1 Prerequisites for Polymers and Other Components of Nanoparticles and Nanoreactors for Use in Stem Cell Biology -- 8.5.2 Components of Nanodevices to Be Considered in Affecting (Stem) Cell Functions -- 8.5.3 Synthesis of Nanoreactors and Nanoparticles for Use in (Stem) Cell Biology and Therapy -- 8.5.4 Polymers and Surface Modifications Used for Applications in Mammalian Cells and Medical Applications -- 8.5.5 Selection of Stem Cells for Transplantation -- 8.5.6 Diagnostic Use of Nanotechnology in Stem Cell Biology -- 8.5.7 Therapeutic Options of Nanoreactors and Nanoparticles in Stem Cell Transplantion -- 8.5.8 Enhancing Effectiveness of Nanoparticles and Nanoreactors in Human (Stem) Cells-Understanding and Influencing the Uptake of Nanostructured Materials in (Stem) Cells -- 8.5.9 Future Directions for Nanoreactors and Mammalian (Stem) Cells -- References -- About the Editors -- List of Contributors -- Index.