Hydrogel Micro and Nanoparticles -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Foreword -- Preface -- 1 Thermally Sensitive Microgels: From Basic Science to Applications -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Theoretical Background -- 1.2.1 Thermodynamics of Volume Phase Transition -- 1.2.2 Internal Motion -- 1.2.3 Dynamics of Microgel -- 1.2.4 Kinetics Calculation of Reversible Aggregation -- 1.3 Basic Physics of Microgels -- 1.3.1 Volume Phase Transition -- 1.3.2 Internal Motion -- 1.3.2.1 Internal Motions in Good Solvent -- 1.3.2.2 Internal Motions in Θ and Poor Solvents -- 1.3.3 Dynamics of Cation-Induced Aggregation of Thermally Sensitive Microgels -- 1.3.3.1 Salt-Induced Complexation -- 1.3.3.2 Complexation Between Microgels and Protein -- 1.3.3.3 Aggregation of Spherical Microgels -- 1.3.4 Non-Ergodic and Ergodic Phenomena of Physical Crosslinked Gel -- 1.4 Applications -- 1.5 Conclusions -- References -- 2 Thermosensitive Core-Shell Microgels: Basic Concepts and Applications -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Volume Transition in Single Particles -- 2.3 Concentrated Suspensions: 3D Crystallization -- 2.4 Particles on Surfaces: 2D Crystallization -- 2.5 Concentrated Suspensions: Rheology -- 2.6 Core-Shell Particles as Carriers for Catalysts -- 2.6.1 Metal Nanoparticles -- 2.6.2 Enzymes -- 2.7 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Core-Shell Particles with a Temperature-Sensitive Shell -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Preparation of Core-Shell Particles with a Temperature- Sensitive Shell -- 3.2.1 Spontaneous Formation of the Core-Shell Structure via Emulsion Polymerization and Soap-Free Emulsion Polymerization -- 3.2.2 Formation of a Temperature-Sensitive Shell by Seeded Polymerization -- 3.3 Preparation of Hairy Particles with Temperature-Sensitive Hair -- 3.3.1 Hairy Particle Formation from Block Copolymer Micelles.

3.3.2 Hairy Particle Formation Through In Situ Formation of Surface Active Material -- 3.3.3 Hairy Particle Formation Through Hair Growth on Core Particles -- 3.3.3.1 Hairy Particle Formation Through Hair Growth on Rigid Core Particles -- 3.3.3.2 Hairy Particle Formation Through Hair Growth on Microgels -- 3.3.3.3 Graft Polymerization of NIPAM from a CMC Microgel Using the Ceric Ion Redox System -- 3.3.4 Hairy Particle Formation Through the Attachment of Hydrophilic Polymer Chains to the Surface of Core Particles (Grafting-to Method) -- 3.4 Properties, Functions and Applications of Core-Shell Particles with a Temperature-Sensitive Shell -- 3.4.1 Volume Phase Transition of the Temperature-Sensitive Shell and Accompanying Changes in Physical Properties of the Particles -- 3.4.2 Two-Dimensional Assembly of Hairy Particles and Optical Properties -- 3.4.3 Other 2D Assembly - Temperature-Sensitive Pickering Emulsion by PNIPAM Hairy Particles -- 3.4.4 Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) Particles Tuned by Temperature -- 3.5 Conclusions -- References -- 4 pH-Responsive Nanogels: Synthesis and Physical Properties -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Preparation Techniques for pH-Responsive Nanogels -- 4.2.1 Emulsion Polymerization -- 4.2.2 Physical Self-Assembly of Interactive Polymers -- 4.3 Structural Properties of pH-Responsive Nanogels -- 4.3.1 Distribution of Crosslinking Monomers -- 4.3.2 Kinetic Modeling of Functional Group Distributions in Nanogels -- 4.4 Swelling of pH-Responsive Nanogels -- 4.4.1 Mechanism of pH-Responsive Swelling -- 4.4.2 Theory of Swelling and Elasticity of pH-Responsive Nanogels -- 4.4.3 Effect of Ionic Strength -- 4.5 Rheological Behavior of pH-Responsive Nanogels -- 4.6 Approach to Model pH-Responsive Nanogel Properties -- 4.7 Osmotic Compressibility of pH-Responsive Nanogels in Colloidal Suspensions.

4.8 Conclusions and Future Perspectives -- References -- 5 Poly(N-Vinylcaprolactam) Nano- and Microgels -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Poly(N-Vinylcaprolactam): Synthesis, Structure and Properties in Solution -- 5.3 Thermal Behavior of Poly(N-Vinylcaprolactam) in Water -- 5.4 PVCL Nano- and Microgels -- 5.4.1 Homopolymer PVCL Microgels -- 5.4.2 Copolymer PVCL Microgels -- 5.4.3 Composite and Hybrid Microgels -- 5.5 Conclusions -- References -- 6 Doubly Crosslinked Microgels -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Definitions and Classifications of SX and DX Microgels -- 6.1.2 A Brief History of Doubly Crosslinked Microgels -- 6.1.3 Stimulus-Responsive DX Microgels -- 6.1.4 General Equations Governing Hydrogel Swelling -- 6.1.5 General Equations Governing Hydrogel Mechanical Properties -- 6.2 Methods of Preparation -- 6.2.1 DX Microgel Aggregates -- 6.2.2 Microgel Crosslinked Hydrogels -- 6.2.3 Microgel-Reinforced Hydrogels -- 6.2.4 DX Microgel Crystals by Small Molecule Addition -- 6.2.5 Self-Crosslinked DX Microgel Crystals -- 6.2.6 Interpenetrating DX Microgels -- 6.3 Methods of Characterization -- 6.3.1 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance -- 6.3.2 Confocal Microscopy -- 6.3.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy -- 6.3.4 Swelling Experiments -- 6.3.5 Optical -- 6.3.6 Dynamic Rheology -- 6.3.7 Compression Modulus Measurements -- 6.3.8 Tensile Testing -- 6.4 Morphology -- 6.4.1 Morphology Types -- 6.4.2 Morphology Control -- 6.5 Properties -- 6.5.1 Swelling Properties of DX Microgels and Control -- 6.5.2 Optical Tuning -- 6.5.3 Mechanical Properties of DX Microgels and Control -- 6.5.4 Comparison of Properties with Microgels -- 6.5.5 Comparison of Properties with Conventional Hydrogels -- 6.6 Potential Applications -- 6.6.1 Photonic Applications -- 6.6.2 Biomedical Applications -- 6.7 Conclusion -- References.

7 ATRP: A Versatile Tool Toward Uniformly Crosslinked Hydrogels with Controlled Architecture and Multifunctionality -- 7.1 Incorporating Crosslinking Reactions into Controlled Radical Polymerization -- 7.2 Effect of Network Homogeneity on Thermoresponsive Hydrogel Performance -- 7.2.1 Performance of Macroscopic Hydrogels -- 7.2.2 Molecular Level Dehydration Kinetics -- 7.3 Gel Networks Containing Functionalized Nanopores -- 7.3.1 Enhanced Swelling Ratios -- 7.3.2 Accelerated Deswelling Kinetics -- 7.4 Toward Micro- and Nano-Sized Hydrogels by ATRP -- References -- 8 Nanogel Engineering by Associating Polymers for Biomedical Applications -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Preparation of Associating Polymer-Based Nanogels -- 8.2.1 Hydrophobically Modi.ed Polysaccharide -- 8.2.2 Photoresponsive Molecule-Modi.ed Polysaccharides -- 8.2.3 Thermoresponsive Polymer-Grafted Polysaccharide -- 8.2.4 Metal-Ligand Modified Polysaccharides -- 8.2.5 Siloxane-Modified Polysaccharides -- 8.2.6 Protein-Crosslinked Nanogels -- 8.3 Functions of Self-Assembled Nanogels -- 8.3.1 Nano-Encapsulation of Proteins by the Nanogel: Nanogels as Macromolecular Hosts -- 8.3.2 Artificial Molecular Chaperones -- 8.3.3 Nanogel Chaperones in Cell-Free Protein Synthesis -- 8.4 Application of Polysaccharide Nanogels to DDS -- 8.4.1 Protein Delivery -- 8.4.2 Nucleic Acid Delivery -- 8.5 Integration of Nanogels -- 8.6 Conclusion and Perspectives -- References -- 9 Microgels and Biological Interactions -- 9.1 An Introduction to Polymer Biomaterials -- 9.1.1 Hydrogels -- 9.1.2 Hydrogels as Particles -- 9.1.3 Hydrogel Particle Synthesis -- 9.2 Drug Delivery -- 9.2.1 Nanoparticles and the Mononuclear Phagocytic System -- 9.2.2 Nanoparticle Size and Surface Modi.cation for Enhanced Delivery -- 9.2.3 Nanogel Cellular Targeting -- 9.2.3.1 Passive Targeting: The Enhanced Permeability and Retention Effect.

9.2.3.2 Active Targeting: Nanoparticle Bioconjugation -- 9.2.4 Degradation and Release of Encapsulated Cargo -- 9.2.4.1 Release by Reduction -- 9.2.4.2 Release by pH Changes -- 9.3 Biomaterial Films -- 9.3.1 The Foreign Body Response -- 9.3.2 Hydrogels as a Biomaterial Interface -- 9.3.3 Antifouling Surfaces -- 9.3.4 Cellular Adhesion -- 9.3.5 Drug Release -- 9.4 Conclusion -- References -- 10 Oscillating Microgels Driven by Chemical Reactions -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Types of Oscillating Microgels -- 10.3 Synthesis and Fabrication of Oscillating Microgels -- 10.4 Control of Oscillatory Behavior -- 10.4.1 Effect on Induction Period -- 10.4.2 Effect on Oscillation Amplitude -- 10.4.3 Effect on Oscillation Period and Waveforms -- 10.5 Flocculating/Dispersing Oscillation -- 10.6 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 11 Smart Microgel/Nanoparticle Hybrids with Tunable Optical Properties -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Synthesis of Hybrid Gels -- 11.3 Characterization of Hybrid Gels -- 11.4 Hybrid Microgels with Plasmon Properties -- 11.5 Photoluminescent Hybrid Microgels -- 11.6 Summary -- References -- 12 Macroscopic Microgel Networks -- 12.1 Introduction and Motivation -- 12.2 Preparation of Microgel Networks -- 12.2.1 Networking Strategies -- 12.2.2 Direct Microgel Crosslinking -- 12.2.2.1 Hydrophobic Assembly -- 12.2.2.2 Ionic Assembly -- 12.2.2.3 Covalent Assembly -- 12.2.3 Microgel-Mediated Crosslinking -- 12.2.3.1 Initiator-Grafted Microgels -- 12.2.3.2 Surface-Polymerizable Microgels -- 12.2.3.3 Surface-Reactive Microgels -- 12.2.4 Physical Microgel Entrapment -- 12.2.4.1 Entrapment to Form 3D Hydrogels -- 12.2.4.2 Entrapment to Form 2D Films -- 12.3 Applications of Microgel Networks -- 12.3.1 Drug Delivery -- 12.3.2 Cell Adhesion-Directing Coatings -- 12.3.3 Tissue Engineering -- 12.3.4 Biosensors -- 12.3.5 Optical Materials.

12.3.6 Biomolecule Separation and Puri.cation.