Front Cover -- Nutrition and Enhanced Sports Performance -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- I: Nutrition and Human Health -- 1 Nutritional Supplementation in Health and Sports Performance -- Introduction -- Definitions -- Nutritional Supplement Recommendations for Athletes -- Safety Issues -- Summary and Conclusions -- References -- 2 Glycemic Index, Food Exchange Values and Exercise Performance -- Glycemic Index -- Glycemic Load -- Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load and Metabolic Responses -- Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load and Chronic Disease Risk -- Glycemic Index, Metabolic Responses and Exercise Performance -- The Effect of Different GI of Pre-Exercise Meals on Physical Performance -- Improvement of Physical Performance -- No Effect of GI on Exercise Performance -- Ingestion of Carbohydrates During Exercise Following a Pre-Exercise Meal -- Carbohydrates Loading -- Glycemic Load, Metabolic Responses and Exercise Performance -- Food Exchange Values in Health And Exercise -- Calculation of Food Exchanges -- Conclusions -- References -- 3 Performance Enhancement Drugs and Sports Supplements for Resistance Training -- Introduction -- Testosterone and Anabolic Steroids -- Physiological Production of Testosterone and Related Side Effects of Abuse -- Testosterone and AS Combined with Resistance Training -- Testosterone use in High-Level Powerlifters -- Protein Synthesis and Myonuclear Content -- Androgen Receptor -- Conclusions -- Creatine Monohydrate -- Creatine Synthesis and Mechanisms of Action -- Creatine Supplementation and Performance -- Conclusion -- Beta-Hydroxy Beta-Methylbutyrate (HMB) -- HMB Metabolism -- Effects of HMB Supplementation -- Mechanisms of Action -- Conclusions -- Caffeine -- Mechanisms of Action -- Psychophysiological Mechanisms -- Conclusions -- References.

II: Exercise and Human Health -- 4 Exercise and Cardiovascular Disease -- Introduction -- Physiological Responses of the Cardiovascular System to Exercise -- Determinants of Functional Capacity (see for review) -- The Heart -- Lungs -- Peripheral Circulation -- Assessment of Functional Capacity -- Exercise and Health -- All-cause Mortality -- Coronary Artery Disease -- Exercise and Primary Prevention -- Exercise in Secondary Prevention of CHD -- Hypertension -- Body Weight -- Diabetes Mellitus -- How Much Exercise is Enough? -- Are the Benefits of Exercise Universal? -- References -- 5 Resistance Training and Physical Exercise in Human Health -- Resistance Training in Human Health -- Blood Pressure -- Blood Lipids -- Glucose Management -- Visceral Adiposity -- Weight Management -- Resistance Training and Resting Energy Expenditure -- Resistance Training and 24-hour Energy Expenditure -- Resistance Training and Daily Physical Activity -- Resistance Training and Fat Free Mass -- Resistance Training Without Energy Restriction and Body Weight -- Resistance Training During Energy Restriction -- Resistance Training Versus Aerobic Exercise During Energy Restriction -- The Role of Resistance Training Versus Aerobic Exercise and Weight Maintenance -- Summary -- References -- 6 Psychology and Exercise -- Acute and Chronic Psychological Effects of Exercise -- Motivation for Exercise Behavior: Why do People Exercise? -- Theories and Models Accounting for the Psychological Benefits of Exercise -- The Sympathetic Arousal Hypothesis -- The Cognitive Appraisal Hypothesis -- The Affect Regulation Hypothesis -- The Thermogenic Regulation Hypothesis -- The Catecholamine Hypothesis -- The Endorphin Hypothesis -- The "Runners' High" Phenomenon and the Acute Psychological Effects of Exercise -- The Dark Side of Physical Activity: Exercise Addiction.

The Symptoms of Exercise Addiction -- Measurement of Exercise Addiction -- Epidemiology of Exercise Addiction -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 7 Bone Health, Bone Mineral Density and Sports Performance -- Introduction -- Bone Health -- Bone Mineral Density -- Definitions: Osteopenia, Osteoporosis and Low Bone Mineral Density -- Bone and Physical Activity -- Bone and the Young Athlete -- Bone and the Female Athlete Triad -- Bone and the Male Athlete -- Conclusions -- References -- 8 Immune Function, Nutrition, and Exercise -- Introduction -- Exercise and Upper Respiratory Tract Infection -- Exercise and Cancer -- Exercise and Inflammation -- Delayed-Onset Muscle Damage -- Nutrition and Exercise-Induced Immune Changes -- Carbohydrates -- Antioxidant Vitamins -- Amino Acids -- Probiotics -- Other Nutrients -- Conclusion -- References -- 9 The Immune Response to Exercise: Effects on Cellular Mobilization, Immune Function and Muscle Regeneration -- The Effects of Acute Exercise on Circulating Leukocyte Counts -- Endurance Exercise -- Monocytes -- Neutrophils -- CD4 T Helper Cells -- CD8 Cytotoxic T Cells -- CD19 B Cells -- Natural Killer Cells -- Resistance Exercise -- Monocytes -- Neutrophils -- CD4 T Helper Cells -- CD8 Cytotoxic T Cells -- CD19 B Cells -- Natural Killer Cells -- Exercise and Immune Function -- Endurance Exercise -- T Cell Proliferation -- B Cells and Ig -- Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxic Activity -- Neutrophil Function -- Resistance Exercise -- Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxic Activity -- T Cell Proliferation -- Muscle Damage and Leukocyte infiltration -- Muscle Damage and Endurance Sports -- Muscle Damage Following Resistance Training and Eccentrically Biased Exercise -- Chapter Summary -- References -- III: Sports and Nutrition -- 10 Vegetarian Athletes -- Nutritional Considerations for Vegetarian Athletes -- Energy.

Macronutrients -- Protein and Essential Amino Acids -- Carbohydrate -- Fat and Essential Fatty Acids -- Micronutrients -- Iron -- Vitamin B12 -- Zinc -- Vitamin D -- Calcium -- The Female Athlete Triad -- Recommended Practices when Consuming a Vegetarian Diet -- Vegetarian Diet and Athletic Performance -- High Carbohydrate Content of Vegetarian Diet -- Vegetarian Diets and Athletic Performance -- Vegetarian Diets and Physical Performance of the General Population -- Take-Home Messages -- Nutrient Adequacy -- Oxidative Stress and Health -- Performance -- References -- 11 Nutrition in Combat Sports -- Introduction -- Role of Nutrients -- Macronutrients -- Carbohydrates -- Proteins -- Micronutrients -- Role of Hydration -- Rapid Weight Loss -- Supplements for Combat Athletes -- References -- 12 Sumo Wrestling -- Introduction -- Energy Balance -- Fat Mass and Fat-Free Mass for Top League ("Sekitori") -- Organ-Tissue Level Body Composition -- Conclusion -- References -- 13 Bioenergetics of Cyclic Sports Activities on Land: Walking, Running and Cycling -- Energy Expenditure of Human Locomotion -- The Energy Cost of Locomotion -- Energy Sources -- Aerodynamic and Non-Aerodynamic Cost of Locomotion -- The Determinants of C in Land Locomotion -- The Determinants of the External Work in Walking and Running -- Body Mass, Gender and Age -- Aerodynamic Resistance -- Track Stiffness -- Gradient Locomotion -- The Determinants of the Internal Work in Walking and Running -- The Effects of Fatigue on the Energy Cost of Running -- Passive Locomotory Tools on Land -- The Determinants of C in Cycling (the External Work) -- The internal work in cycling -- Efficiency in Land Locomotion -- Conclusions -- References -- 14 Bioenergetics of Cyclic Sport Activities in Water: Swimming, Rowing and Kayaking -- Energetics and Biomechanics of Aquatic Locomotion.

Energetics of Swimming -- Effects of Speed and Stroke on C -- Effects of Training and Skill Level on C -- Effects of Frontal Area and Underwater Torque on C -- The Effect of Age and Gender on C -- Nutrition Requirements and Substrate Utilization in Swimming -- Passive Locomotory Tools in Water -- Rowing and Kayaking (Boat Locomotion) -- Conclusions -- References -- 15 Performance Enhancement Drugs and Sports Supplements: A Review of the Evidence -- Performance-Enhancing Drugs -- Introduction -- Improving Concentration and Focus -- Enhancing Strength, Power, and Explosiveness: Anabolic Steroids and Peptide Hormones -- Peptide Hormone Anabolic Drugs -- PEDs to Enhance Oxygen Delivery -- Drugs that Enhance Recovery from Training and Competition -- Anti-inflammatory Drugs and Analgesics -- Masking Agents and Fluid Retention Drugs -- Novel Drugs -- Drug Testing -- Performance-Enhancing Supplements -- Quality and Purity -- Vitamins and Minerals -- Ergogenic Performance-Enhancing Supplements: Proteins, Pro-hormones and Creatine -- Weight Loss Supplements -- References -- 16 Nutrition and Ultra-Endurance -- Introduction -- Problems Associated with Ultra-Endurance Performance -- Energy Turnover and Energy Deficit in Ultra-Endurance -- Change in Body Mass During an Ultra-Endurance Performance -- Dehydration, Fluid Intake and Fluid Overload -- Fluid Overload and Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia -- Nutritional Aspects in Ultra-Endurance Athletes -- Intake of Carbohydrates -- Intake of Fat -- Intake of Protein -- Intake of Ergogenic Supplements, Vitamins and Minerals -- Fluid Intake During Endurance Performance -- Sodium Supplementation During Endurance Performance -- Conclusions and Implications for Future Research -- References -- 17 Exercise and Nutritional Benefits for Individuals with a Spinal Cord Injury or Amputation.

Paralympic Sport and Classification Systems.