Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Contributors -- Foreword -- Preface -- 1 The pretherapeutic history of botulinum toxin -- Botulism in ancient times -- Botulism outbreaks in Germany in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries -- Justinus Kerner's observations and publications on botulinum toxin 1817-1822 -- Botulism research after Kerner -- The discovery of "Bacillus botulinus" in Belgium -- Botulinum toxin research in the early twentieth century -- Swords to ploughshares -- Appendix 1.1 -- References -- 2 Botulinum toxin: history of clinical development -- References -- 3 Pharmacology of botulinum toxin drugs -- Introduction -- Structure -- Mode of action -- Botulinum toxin drugs -- Immunological quality -- Safety aspects and adverse effects -- Outlook -- References -- 4 Immunological properties of botulinum toxins -- Introduction -- Methods for the detection and quantification of neutralizing BoNT-AB -- Reactions of the organism to botulinum toxin -- Product specificity of immune responses -- References -- 5 Treatment of cervical dystonia -- Introduction -- BoNT in CD -- Neck muscles and their functions -- Iliocostalis cervicis -- Interspinalis cervicis -- Intertransversarii cervicis -- Levator scapulae -- Longissimus cervicis -- Longus capitis -- Longus colli -- Multifidi -- Obliquus capitis inferior -- Obliquus capitis superior -- Rectus capitis anterior -- Rectus capitis lateralis -- Rectus capitis posterior major -- Rectus capitis posterior minor -- Rotatores cervicis -- Anterior scalene -- Middle scalene -- Posterior scalene -- Semispinalis capitis -- Semispinalis cervicis -- Splenius capitis -- Splenius cervicis -- Sternocleidomastoid -- Trapezius -- Muscles involved in different subtypes of CD -- Practical considerations for BoNT treatment of CD -- Physical examination of the CD patient.

BoNT injection procedure -- Notes regarding muscle injections -- References -- 6 Treatment of hemifacial spasm -- References -- 7 Treatment of blepharospasm -- Clinical features and pathophysiology -- Anatomy of the periocular muscles -- Botulinum toxin treatment techniques -- References -- 8 Treatment of oromandibular dystonia -- Epidemiology, clinical features, and etiology -- Treatment options of oromandibular dystonia -- Injection techniques -- Jaw-closing oromandibular dystonia -- Jaw-opening oromandibular dystonia -- Jaw-deviating oromandibular dystonia -- Lingual oromandibular dystonia -- Pharyngeal oromandibular dystonia -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 Treatment of focal hand dystonia -- Definition -- Pathogenesis -- Writer's cramp -- Clinical subtypes -- Disability in writer's cramp -- Musician's focal dystonia -- Treatment options -- Writer's cramp -- Botulinum toxin therapy -- Writer's cramp subtypes -- Focal flexor subtype (Figure 9.3) -- Flexor pollicis longus (FPL) -- Flexor pollicis brevis (FPB) -- Generalized flexor subtype (Figure 9.6 and Figure 9.7) -- Flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) -- Flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) -- Palmaris longus (PL) -- Flexor carpi radialis (FCR) -- Flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU) -- Pronator teres -- Pronator quadratus -- Focal extensor subtype -- Extensor indicis proprius (EIP) -- Extensor pollicis longus (EPL) -- Generalized extensor subtype -- Extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL) -- Extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) -- Extensor digitorum communis (EDC) -- Extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) -- Extensor indicis proprius (EIP) -- Abductor pollicis longus (APL) -- Extensor pollicis longus (EPL) -- Extensor pollicis brevis (EPB) -- Arm abduction subtype -- Alternative methods for muscle localization -- Adverse effects of botulinum toxin -- Treatment of musicians' focal dystonia.

Other focal dystonias -- References -- 10 Botulinum toxin applications in ophthalmology -- Introduction -- BoNT treatment of strabismus -- General -- Indications -- Use of electromyography (EMG) -- Dosage -- Anesthesia -- Medial rectus -- Lateral rectus -- Inferior rectus -- Inferior oblique -- Superior rectus and superior oblique -- Complications, adverse outcomes -- Endocrine disorders -- Endocrine myopathy -- Lid retraction in endocrine myopathy -- Protective ptosis -- Orbital injection for nystagmus -- Lacrimal gland injection -- Treatment of entropion -- References -- 11 Botulinum toxin therapy of laryngeal muscle hyperactivity syndromes -- Introduction -- Clinical features -- Treatment options for ADSD -- Muscles injected with botulinum toxin in ADSD -- Injection techniques -- Percutaneous technique -- Transoral technique -- Transnasal technique -- Botulinum toxin doses -- Botulinum toxin treatment of ABSD -- Injection technique and muscles injected -- Spasmodic laryngeal dyspnea -- Vocal tremors -- References -- 12 The use of botulinum toxin in otorhinolaryngology -- Dysphagia and speech problems following laryngectomy -- Palatal tremor -- Hypersalivation, sialorrhea -- Gustatory sweating, Frey's syndrome -- Rhinorrhea, intrinsic rhinitis -- Hyperlacrimation -- References -- 13 Spasticity -- Introduction -- Preparation and dosing -- Dilution -- Maximum doses -- Individual muscle doses -- Guidance techniques -- Injection placement -- Spasticity patterns -- Treatment guide -- The upper limb -- Flexion at the proximal interphalangeal joints -- Flexion at distal interphalangeal joints -- Thumb curling -- Wrist flexion -- Elbow flexion -- Adduction and internal rotation at the shoulder -- The lower limb -- Plantarflexion spasm -- Adductor spasms -- Extensor posturing at the knee -- Knee flexion spasm -- Toe extension -- References.

14 The use of botulinum toxin in spastic infantile cerebral palsy -- Introduction -- Classification -- Topographical distribution and anatomical approach to management -- Unilateral cerebral palsy: spastic hemiplegia -- Upper limb -- Lower limb -- Bilateral cerebral palsy: spastic diplegia -- Bilateral cerebral palsy: spastic quadriplegia -- Treatment techniques -- Treatment guidelines -- Adverse effects -- Treatment planning and considerations -- References -- 15 Hyperhidrosis -- Definition, prevalence, and diagnosis -- Conventional treatment options -- Botulinum toxin therapy -- Technique of botulinum toxin treatment in primary axillary hyperhidrosis -- Technique of botulinum toxin treatment in primary palmar hyperhidrosis -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 16 Cosmetic uses of botulinum toxins -- Clinical aspects and pathophysiology -- Review of the anatomy -- Treatment techniques and guidelines -- Cosmetic uses of botulinum toxin -- Glabella -- Forehead -- Eyes -- Brow lift -- Nose -- Mouth -- Chin -- Neck -- Mandibular contouring -- Side effects -- References -- 17 Botulinum toxin in the gastrointestinal tract -- Cricopharyngeal dysphagia -- Achalasia -- Spastic esophageal disorders -- Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction -- Obesity -- Gastroparesis -- Chronic anal fissure -- Puborectalis syndrome -- Proctalgia fugax -- References -- 18 Botulinum toxin in urological disorders -- Introduction -- Overactive bladder -- Vulvodynia and chronic pelvic pain -- Vulvodynia -- Chronic pelvic pain -- Benign prostatic hyperplasia -- Detrusor sphincter dyssynergia -- References -- 19 Use of botulinum toxin in musculoskeletal pain and arthritis -- Introduction -- Myofascial pain -- Forward head posture -- Cervicobrachial syndrome (Fig. 19.7) -- Piriformis syndrome -- Intra-articular pain -- Phantom limb pain -- Conclusions -- References.

20 The use of botulinum toxin in the management of headache disorders -- Summary of clinical aspects of headache disorders -- Pathophysiology of headache disorders -- Treatment of headache -- Mechanism of action of botulinum toxin in headache -- Treatment guidelines -- BoNT treatment techniques -- Clinical comparison of efficacy of BoNT in headache disorders -- Adverse events associated with boNT use -- Summary -- References -- 21 Treatment of plantar fasciitis with botulinum toxin -- Introduction -- Anatomy of the plantar fascia -- Rational for using botulinum toxin (BoNT) for treatment of plantar fasciitis -- Randomized, prospective studies of BoNT treatment for plantar fasciitis -- Technique of BoNT treatment for plantar fasciitis: Yale/Walter Reed protocol -- References -- 22 Treatment of stiff-person syndrome with botulinum toxin -- Introduction -- Clinical features -- Treatment -- Anatomy of low back paraspinal muscles -- Technique of treatment: Yale protocol -- Treatment of limb muscles in stiff-limb syndrome (stiff-leg, stiff arm) or typical SPS with proximal limb rigidity -- Side effects -- References -- 23 Botulinum toxin in tic disorders and essential hand and head tremor -- Introduction: tics -- Clinical features -- Treatment options -- Use of botulinum toxin -- Our experience -- Dosages and muscles injected -- Introduction: tremors -- Clinical features -- Treatment options -- Use of botulinum toxin -- Our experience -- Dosages and muscles injected -- References -- 24 Developing the next generation of botulinum toxin drugs -- Antigenicity -- Protein load -- Complexing proteins -- Other strategies -- Additional development goals -- Transdermal BoNT applications -- Labeled BoNT drugs -- Ready-made solutions -- Temperature restrictions -- Shorter duration of action -- Longer duration of action -- Rapid onset of action -- BoNT antagonists.

Conclusion.