CO₂ in seawater equilibrium, kinetics, isotopes
Title:
CO₂ in seawater equilibrium, kinetics, isotopes
Author:
Zeebe, Richard E.
ISBN:
9780080529226
9780444505798
Personal Author:
Publication Information:
Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 2001.
Physical Description:
1 online resource (xiii, 346 p.) : ill.
Series:
Elsevier oceanography series, 65
Elsevier oceanography series ; 65.
Contents:
Cover -- Contents -- Chapter 1. Equilibrium -- 1.1 The carbonate system -- 1.2 Alkalinity -- 1.3 pH scales -- 1.4 Partial pressure and fugacity -- 1.5 The Revelle factor -- 1.6 Worked out problems -- Chapter 2. Kinetics -- 2.1 Basic concepts of kinetics -- 2.2 Temperature dependence of rate constants -- 2.3 Reactions and rate constants of the carbonate system -- 2.4 Approaching equilibrium: the carbonate system -- 2.5 Approaching isotopic equilibrium: 12C, 13C, and 14C -- 2.6 Diffusion and Reaction -- 2.7 Summary -- Chapter 3. Stable Isotope Fractionation -- 3.1 Notation, abundances, standards -- 3.2 Carbon -- 3.3 Oxygen -- 3.4 Boron -- 3.5 Thermodynamic properties of isotopic substances -- Appendix A: Equilibrium constants -- A.1 CO2: Acidity constants K1* and K2* -- A.2 Acidity constant of true carbonic acid -- A.3 CO2 solubility in water (Henry's law) -- A.4 Ion product of water: KW* -- A.5 Bisulfate ion -- A.6 Hydrogen fluoride -- A.7 Boric acid -- A.8 Phosphoric acid -- A.9 Silicic acid -- A.10 Solubility product of calcite and aragonite -- A.11 Effect of pressure on equilibrium constants -- A.12 Chemical composition of seawater -- A.13 The equation of state of seawater -- Appendix B: From two to six -- Appendix C: Details and Calculations -- C.1 Total alkalinity and charge balance -- C.2 Saturation vapor pressure of water -- C.3 The fugacity of a pure gas -- C.4 Equilibrium at air-sea interface and chemical potential -- C.5 Change CO2 concentration while keeping pH constant -- C.6 The rate constant for the hydroxylation of CO2, k+4 -- C.7 A formula for the equilibration time of CO2 -- C.8 Kinetic rate laws of the carbonate system -- C.9 Derivation of oxygen isotope partitioning -- C.10 Mathematical derivation of the partition function ratio -- Appendix D: Answers to Exercises -- Appendix E: Notation and Symbols -- References -- Index -- Last Page.
Abstract:
Carbon dioxide is the most important greenhouse gas after water vapor in the atmosphere of the earth. More than 98% of the carbon of the atmosphere-ocean system is stored in the oceans as dissolved inorganic carbon. The key for understanding critical processes of the marine carbon cycle is a sound knowledge of the seawater carbonate chemistry, including equilibrium and nonequilibrium properties as well as stable isotope fractionation. Presenting the first coherent text describing equilibrium and nonequilibrium properties and stable isotope fractionation among the elements of the carbonate system. This volume presents an overview and a synthesis of these subjects which should be useful for graduate students and researchers in various fields such as biogeochemistry, chemical oceanography, paleoceanography, marine biology, marine chemistry, marine geology, and others. The volume includes an introduction to the equilibrium properties of the carbonate system in which basic concepts such as equilibrium constants, alkalinity, p H scales, and buffering are discussed. It also deals with the nonequilibrium properties of the seawater carbonate chemistry. Whereas principle of chemical kinetics are recapitulated, reaction rates and relaxation times of the carbonate system are considered in details. The book also provides a general introduction to stable isotope fractionation and describes the partitioning of carbon, oxygen, and boron isotopes between the species of the carbonate system. The appendix contains formulas for the equilibrium constants of the carbonate system, mathematical expressions to calculate carbonate system parameters, answers to exercises and more.
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Electronic Access:
Knovel http://app.knovel.com/web/toc.v/cid:kpCOSEKI01