Amphibians -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- I Introduction -- A. GENERAL COMMENTS -- B. THE NEED -- 1. The Demand -- 2. The Supply -- a. The Natural Resource -- b. Artificial Culture -- 3. Recommendations -- C. USERS OF AMPHIBIANS -- D. LABORATORY-DEFINED AMPHIBIANS -- II Classification and Description of Amphibians Commonly Used for Laboratory Research -- A. PHYLOGENY AND CLASSIFICATION -- B. DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES COMMONLY USED IN LABORATORY RESEARCH -- 1. Urodeles -- a. Ambystoma (2N = 28 -- ZW - ZZ , but two triploid species are known) -- b. Notophthalmus viridescens (2N = 22 -- ZW - ZZ) -- c. Necturus maculosus (2N = 24 -- ZW - ZZ) -- 2. Anurans -- a. Xenopus laevis (2N = 36 -- ZW - ZZ) -- b. Rana catesbeiana (2N = 26 -- XX - XY) -- c. Rana grylio (2N = 26 -- XX - XY) -- d. Rana clamitans (2N = 26 -- XX - XY) -- e. Rana pipiens (2N = 26 -- XX - XY) -- f. Rana palustris (2N = 26 -- XX - XY) -- g. Rana sylvatica (2N = 26 -- XX - XY) -- h. Bufo marinus (2N = 22 -- XX - XY) -- i. Bombina orientalis (2N = 24 -- XX - XY) -- III Definition and Description of Experimental Amphibians -- A. INTRODUCTION -- B. DEFINITION -- 1. Wild -- 2. Wild Caught -- a. Nonconditioned -- b. Conditioned -- 3. Laboratory-Reared -- a. Standard -- b. Miscellaneous -- 4. Laboratory-Bred -- a. Standard -- b. Miscellaneous -- C. DESCRIPTION OF LABORATORY-REARED AND LABORATORY-BRED AMPHIBIANS -- 1. Types of Populations and Lines -- a. Random Mating Lines -- b. Heterozygous Isogenic Clones -- c. Heterozygous Marked Lines -- d. Mutant Lines -- e. Inbred Lines -- f. Gynogenetic Diploid Lines -- g. Homozygous Lines -- h. Haploid Animals -- i. Polyploid Animals -- 2. Sex Determination and Its Manipulation -- 3. Species of Laboratory-Reared or Laboratory-Bred Amphibians Available in the United States -- a. Anurans -- b. Urodeles -- IV Sources -- A. SELECTION.

B. DEALER CARE -- C. ORDERING, SHIPPING, AND RECEIVING -- 1. Ordering -- 2. Shipping -- 3. Receiving -- a. Aquatic Amphibians -- b. Terrestrial Amphibians -- D. LEGAL ASPECTS -- V Physical Facilities -- A. RELATION TO NATURAL HABITAT -- B. THE AMPHIBIAN QUARTERS -- 1. General Description -- a. Isolation Quarters -- b. Heating, Ventilation, and Size Specifications for Rooms -- c. Description of Ancillary Rooms -- d. General Specifications -- 2. Environmental Control -- a. Water -- b. Temperature -- c. Lighting -- C. ENCLOSURES -- 1. Embryos: Fertilization through Initiation of Feeding -- 2. Larvae -- 3. Juveniles -- a. At Metamorphic Climax -- b. Postmetamorphic -- 4. Adult Enclosures (Evaluation Criteria) -- 5. Hibernation Quarters -- 6. Enclosure Designs -- a. The Amphibian Facility of The University of Michigan -- b. The R. catesbeiana Facility at Louisiana State University -- c. Southern Frog Company (J. M. Priddy, Dumas, Arkansas) -- d. The Aquatic Animal Facility of Arizona State University -- VI Amphibian Management and Laboratory Care -- A. GENERAL COMMENTS -- B. ANURANS -- 1. Ranidae -- a. R. pipiens -- b. R. caresbeiana -- c. Other Ranid Species -- 2 Other Anurans -- a. Xenopus -- b. Bufo -- c. Bombina orientalis -- C. URODELA -- 1. Axolotls (Neotenic Larvae of Ambystoma mexicanum) -- a. Early Larvae -- b. Mature Larvae -- 2. Other Urodeles -- VII Breeding -- A. ANURANS -- 1. General Comments -- a. Sexing -- b. Readiness for Reproduction -- c. Identification of Individuals -- 2. Artificial Induction of Ovulation -- 3. Amplexus -- 4. Artificial Insemination -- 5. Parthenogenetic Lines and Haploid Animals -- 6. Nomozygous Lines and Androgenesis -- 7. Polyploid Animals -- 8. Mosaic Animals -- 9. Nuclear Transplantation -- 10. Xenopus -- Procurement of Gametes -- Artificial Insemination -- B. URODELES -- 1. Mating -- 2. Spawning.

3. Artificial Insemination -- 4. Initial Care of Embryos -- VIII Records and Information Control -- A. IDENTIFICATION ON INDIVIDUALS -- 1. Numbering -- 2. Tattooing -- 3. Branding -- 4. Toe Clipping -- 5. Other Marking Systems -- 6. Drawings and Photographs -- B. INFORMATION CONTROL SYSTEMS -- IX Amphibian Medicine -- A. GENERAL COMMENTS -- B. BACTERIAL DISEASES -- 1. Pathogens -- 2. Drug Selection and Administration -- 3. Identifying Diseased Frogs -- 4. The Need for Treatment -- C. VIRAL DISEASES -- 1. General Comments -- 2. Lucké Tumor Herpesvirus (LTHV) -- 3. Amphibian Polyhedral Cytoplasmic Deoxyribovirus (PCDV) -- 4. Lymphosarcoma Virus of Xenopus -- D. PARASITIC DISEASES -- E. MYCOTIC DISEASES -- F. EUTHANASIA AND ANESTHESIA -- X Personnel -- A. GENERAL COMMENTS -- B. SAFETY HAZARDS -- 1. Physical -- 2. Biological -- Appendix A Status of "Endangered" Amphibians -- Appendix B Control Laws by States and Canadian Provinces -- UNITED STATES -- CANADIAN PROVINCES -- References.