Drinking Water and Health -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Historical Note -- Importance of Water Filtration -- Chlorination, The Most Significant Advance in Water Treatment -- Summary -- REFERENCES -- I Approach to the Study -- INTRODUCTION -- WATER CONSUMPTION -- RISK AND SAFETY -- MICROBIOLOGICAL CONTAMINANTS -- PARTICULATE CONTAMINANTS -- INORGANIC SOLUTES -- ORGANIC SOLUTES -- RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINANTS -- SUSCEPTIBLE SUBGROUPS AND OTHER CONSIDERATIONS -- REFERENCES -- II Chemical Contaminants: Safety And Risk Assessment -- EFFECTS ON HEALTH -- Reversibility of Chemical Injury -- Perspectives and Perceptions of Effects -- Irreversible (Self-Propagating) Effects -- Nonreversible Effects -- Reversible Effects -- IRREVERSIBLE TOXICITY -- Summary of Principles for Extrapolating Animal Toxicity To Humans -- The General Problem of Extrapolation -- Specific Problems in Extrapolation -- Size of Animals -- Number of Animals -- Environmental Differences -- Absorption -- Distribution and Storage -- Metabolic Differences -- Excretion and Reabsorption -- Differences in Receptor Sites -- Design of Laboratory Experiments on Animals -- Current Capability to Extrapolate -- THRESHOLDS -- Biological Considerations -- Consideration of the Dose-Response Relationship -- Examination of Experimental Dose-Response Curves -- Heterogeneity of the Population -- Statistical Considerations -- HIGH-DOSE TO LOW-DOSE EXTRAPOLATION -- Dose-Response Models -- Appropriateness of Data for Low-Dose Extrapolation -- INTERACTIONS -- SUMMARY-CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS: SAFETY AND RISK ASSESSMENT -- Principle 1 -- Effects in Animals, Properly Qualified, are Applicable to Man -- Principle 2 -- Methods do not Now Exist to Establish a Threshold for Long-Term Effects of Toxic Agents -- Principle 3.

The Exposure of Experimental Animals to Toxic Agents in High Doses is a Necessary and Valid Method of Discovering Possible... -- Principle 4 -- Material Should be Assessed in Terms of Human Risk, Rather Than as "Safe" or "Unsafe" -- Principles To Be Used for Noncarcinogens and Nonmutagens -- RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- III Microbiology of Drinking Water -- EPIDEMIOLOGY -- BACTERIA -- Number of Cells Required to Infect -- Estimation of Disease Potential by Direct Quantitation of Bacterial Pathogens -- Indicator Organisms -- Escherichia Coli and the Coliform Group -- Some Deficiencies of Coliforms as Indicator Organisms -- Other Indicator Organisms -- Rapid Methods for Coliform Counts -- Sampling for the Coliform Test -- Coliform Standards -- United States Standards -- International Standards -- Statistical Limits -- The Health Significance of the Coliform Test -- Conclusion on Coliform Standard -- The Standard Plate Count -- Conclusions on Standard Plate Count -- Recommendations for Research on Bacterial Contaminants -- VIRUSES -- History of the Enteric Viruses -- Epidemiology -- Recovery and Identification of Viruses -- Factors Influencing Recovery -- Cell-Culture Systems for Detection -- Recovery Procedures for Virus in Finished Water -- Identification of Viruses Recovered from Water -- Sensitivity of the Flowthrough Method -- Perspectives in Testing Large-Volume Samples -- Health Effects of Viruses in Drinking Water -- Virus Removal in Water Treatment -- Coagulation and Settling -- Filtration and Sorption -- Water-Softening -- Disinfection -- Chlorination -- Bromination -- Iodination -- Ozonation -- Effectiveness of Water Treatments -- Bacterial Indicators and Viruses in Drinking Water -- Conclusions -- Research Recommendations -- PATHOGENIC PROTOZOA AND HELMINTHS -- Protozoa -- Amebiasis -- Facultatively Parasitic Amebae.

Giardiasis -- Helminths -- Water-Treatment Practices and Parasite Removal -- Conclusions -- SUMMARY-MICROBIOLOGY OF DRINKING WATER -- Bacteria -- Viruses -- Parasites -- Testing -- REFERENCES -- IV Solid Particles in Suspension -- INTRODUCTION -- CLAY PARTICLES AND THEIR INTERACTIONS -- Inorganic Pollutants -- Organic Pollutants -- Summary -- ASBESTOS: NOMENCLATURE, OCCURRENCE AND REDISTRIBUTION IN WATER -- Structure and Nomenclature -- Properties of Asbestos Minerals -- Mineralogy -- Surface Properties -- Morphology -- Solubility -- Occurrence of Asbestos and Fibrous Minerals -- Uses and Redistribution -- Topics for Research in Mineralogy -- ASBESTOS FIBER SAMPLING AND ANAYLSIS -- Introduction -- Optical Microscopy -- Electron Microscopy -- X-Ray Diffraction -- Differential Thermal Analysis -- BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ASBESTOS MINERALS -- Epidemiological Findings -- Experimental Studies -- ORGANIC PARTICULATE IN WATER -- Organic Matter Associated with Soil Particles -- Municipal and Industrial Wastes -- Organic Debris -- Organic Colloids -- Summary -- MICROORGANISMS AND SUSPENDED PARTICLES IN WATER -- Particulate-Bacterial Interactions -- Particulate-Viral Interactions in Water -- Aggregation and Survival -- Conclusions -- PARTICULATE REMOVAL AND TURBIDITY -- Definitions and Occurrence -- Removal of Particulates -- Mineral Fibers -- Clay -- Organics -- Microbiological Particulates -- Possible Concerns -- Halomethanes and Other Chlorinated Organics -- Encasing of Microbial Particulates -- Coagulant Precipitates -- Powdered Carbon -- Organic Coagulants -- Turbidity -- Conclusions -- SUMMARY-SOLID PARTICLES IN SUSPENSION -- Direct Effects on Health -- Indirect Effects on Health -- Turbidity as an Indicator -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Recommendations for Future Research -- REFERENCES -- Clay Particles and their Interactions.

Asbestos: Nomenclature, Occurrence, and Redistribution in Water -- Asbestos Fiber Sampling and Analysis -- Biological Effects of Asbestos Minerals, Epidemiological Findings -- Biological Effects of Asbestos Minerals, Experimental Studies -- Organic Particulates in Water -- Microorganisms and Suspended Particles in Water -- Particulate Removal and Turbidity -- V Inorganic Solutes -- TRACE METALS -- Trace Metals in Water Samples Collected in the Distribution System or at Household Taps -- Trace Metals in Finished Water Supplies -- Occurrence of Trace Metals in Raw Water Supplies -- Barium -- Beryllium -- Cadmium -- Chromium -- Cobalt -- Copper -- Lead -- Manganese -- Mercury -- Molybdenum -- Nickel -- Silver -- Vanadium -- Zinc -- Geographical and Local Factors -- Removal Of Metals By Water-Treatment Processes -- Chemical Coagulation -- Lime Softening -- Activated Carbon -- Reverse Osmosis -- Ion Exchange -- Analysis of Drinking Water for Trace Metals -- Sample Treatment -- Analysis -- Barium -- Occurrence -- Chemical Characteristics -- Metabolism -- Health Effects -- Analysis -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Beryllium -- Occurrence -- Chemical Characteristics -- Metabolism -- Health Effects -- Analysis -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Cadmium -- Occurrence -- Chemical Characteristics -- Metabolism -- Health Effects -- Analysis -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Chromium -- Occurrence -- Chemical Characteristics -- Metabolism -- Health Effects -- Analysis -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Cobalt -- Occurrence -- Chemical Characteristics -- Metabolism -- Health Effects -- Analysis -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Copper -- Occurrence -- Chemical Characteristics -- Metabolism -- Health Effects -- Analysis -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Lead -- Occurrence -- Chemical Characteristics -- Metabolism -- Health Effects -- Analysis.

Conclusions and Recommendations -- Magnesium -- Occurrence -- Chemical Characteristics -- Metabolism -- Health Effects -- Analysis -- Conclusions And Recommendations -- Manganese -- Occurrence -- Chemical Characteristics -- Metabolism -- Health Effects -- Analysis -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Mercury -- Occurrence -- Chemical Characteristics -- Metabolism -- Health Effects -- Analysis -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Molybdenum -- Occurrence -- Chemical Characteristics -- Metabolism -- Health Effects -- Analysis -- Conclusions And Recommendations -- Nickel -- Occurrence -- Chemical Characteristics -- Metabolism -- Health Effects -- Analysis -- Conclusions And Recommendations -- Silver -- Occurrence -- Chemical Characteristics -- Metabolism -- Health Effects -- Analysis -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Tin -- Occurrence -- Chemical Characteristics -- Metabolism -- Health Effects -- Analysis -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Vanadium -- Occurrence -- Chemical Characteristics -- Metabolism -- Health Aspects -- Analysis -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Zinc -- Occurrence -- Chemical Characteristics -- Metabolism -- Health Effects -- Analysis -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Summary-Trace Metals -- Barium -- Beryllium -- Cadmium -- Chromium -- Cobalt -- Copper -- Lead -- Magnesium -- Manganese -- Mercury -- Molybdenum -- Nickel -- Silver -- Tin -- Vanadium -- Zinc -- OTHER INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS -- Arsenic -- Occurrence -- Metabolism -- Absorption -- Distribution -- Excretion -- Transformation -- Health Effects -- Toxic Effects in Humans -- Carcinogenicity -- Mutagenicity -- Toxic Effects in Animals -- Carcinogenicity -- Mutagenicity -- Teratogenicity -- Interactions -- Beneficial Effects -- Analysis -- Determination of Arsenic in Drinking Water -- Determination of Arsenic in Biologic Samples.

Conclusions and Recommendations.