Drinking Water and Health -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- I Executive Summary -- DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS -- Chemical Effects and Water Quality -- Corrosion -- Leaching -- Deposits -- Water Treatment Chemicals -- Pipes and Linings -- Biological Effects and Water Quality -- Implications For Human Health -- TOXICITY OF SELECTED CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS IN DRINKING WATER -- II Elements of Public Water Supplies -- SOURCE -- RAW WATER QUALITY AND TREATMENT -- DISTRIBUTION OF WATER -- APPROACH TO THE STUDY -- REFERENCES -- III Chemical Quality of Water in the Distribution System -- CHEMICAL WATER QUALITY INDEXES -- Langelier Index -- Aggressiveness Index -- Saturation Index -- CORROSION -- The Corrosion Process -- Biologically Mediated Corrosion -- The Effect of Water Quality on Corrosion -- Corrosion Inhibitors -- Pips and Linings -- Monitoring and Evaluating Corrosion and Its Control -- Field Studies of Metallic Corrosion in Distribution Systems -- Summary and Conclusions -- LEACHING -- Asbestos-Cement Pipe -- Use of Asbestos-Cement Pipe -- Composition of A/C Pipe -- Effect of Water Quality on Pipe Performance -- Laboratory Tests -- Field Tests -- Control of A/C Pipe Deterioration -- Summary and Conclusions -- Plastic Pipe -- Use of Plastic Pipe -- Composition of Plastic Pipe -- Plastic Pipe and Water Quality -- Laboratory Tests -- Field Tests -- Control Measures -- Summary and Conclusions -- Lining Materials -- Coal Tar -- Asphalt -- Other Materials -- Release of Lining Materials into Distribution System -- Laboratory Tests -- Field Tests -- Summary and Conclusions -- Deposits and Their Effects -- Approaches to Iron and Manganese Control -- Stabilizing Agents -- Summary and Conclusions -- Reactions Involving Water Treatment Chemicals in the Distribution System -- Summary And Conclusions -- REFERENCES.

IV Biological Quality of Water in the Distribution System -- BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL IN WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS -- Biofilms -- Biofilm Formation -- Properties and Composition -- Physical Properties -- Chemical Properties -- Biological Properties -- Effect of Biofilms on Fluid Frictional Resistance -- Dispersed Growth -- SOURCES OF BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL -- Raw Water -- Reservoir -- Pipe Network -- Construction and Repair -- Cross-Connections -- CONTROL OF BIOLOGICAL CONTAMINATION -- Transport of Chlorine -- Water Phase -- Biofilm -- Dispersed Growth -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- V Health Implications of Distribution System Deficiencies -- DEFINITIONS -- ORIGINS OF WATERBORNE DISEASES -- INTERPRETATION OF DATA -- OUTBREAKS -- Sewickley, Pennsylvania -- Suffolk County, New York -- Chattanooga, Tennessee -- Los Lunas, New Mexico -- Pierce County, Washington -- HEALTH EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- VI Toxicity of Selected Inorganic Contaminants in Drinking Water -- SELECTION OF CONTAMINANTS -- ACUTE AND CHRONIC EXPOSURE -- Aluminum (Al) -- Metabolism -- Health Aspects -- Observations in Humans -- Observations in Other Species -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Suggested No-Adverse-Response Level (SNARL) -- Arsenic (As) -- Barium (Ba) -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Suggested No-Adverse-Response Level (SNARL) -- Cadmium (Cd) -- Health Aspects -- Observations in Humans -- Observations in Other Species -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Suggested No-Adverse-Response Level (SNARL) -- Chlorinated Disinfectants: -- Metabolism -- Health Aspects -- Observations in Humans -- Observations in Other Species -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Suggested No-Adverse-Response Level (SNARL) -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Lead (Pb) -- Health Aspects.

Observations in Humans -- Observations in Other Species -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Suggested No-Adverse-Response Level (SNARL) -- Silver (Ag) -- Metabolism -- Health Aspects -- Observations in Humans -- Observations in Other Species -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Strontium (Sr) -- Metabolism -- Health Aspects -- Observations in Humans -- Observations in Other Species -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Suggested No-Adverse-Response Level (SNARL) -- Sulfate (SO4) -- REFERENCES -- VII Toxicity of Selected Organic Contaminants in Drinking Water -- ACETONITRILE (CH3CN) -- Metabolism -- Health Aspects -- Observations in Humans -- Observations in Other Species -- Carcinogenicity, Mutagenicity, and Teratogenicity -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Suggested No-Adverse-Response Level (SNARL) -- 24-Hour Exposure -- Chronic Exposure -- Chloroform (CHCl3) -- Health Effects -- Observations in Humans -- Observations in Other Species -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Suggested No-Adverse-Response Level (SNARL) -- 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane (C3H5Br2Cl) -- Health Aspects -- Observations in Humans -- Observations in Other Species -- Reproductive and Fertility Studies -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Dimethylformamide [HCON(CH3)2] -- Metabolism -- Health Aspects -- Observations in Humans -- Observations in Other Species -- Reproductive Effects and Teratogenicity -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Suggested No-Adverse-Response Level (SNARL) -- Nitrobenzene (C6H5N02) -- Metabolism -- Health Aspects -- Observations in Humans -- Observations in Other Species -- Reproduction and Teratogenicity -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Suggested No-Adverse-Response Level (SNARL) -- Nitrophenols (C6H5NO3OH) -- Metabolism -- Mononitrophenols -- Dinitrophenols -- Trinitrophenols -- Health Aspects -- Observations in Humans.

Observations in Other Species -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Suggested No-Adverse-Response Level (SNARL) -- Petroleum Products (Crude and Refined) -- Health Aspects -- Metabolism -- Benzene -- Toluene -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Suggested No-Adverse-Response Level (SNARL) -- Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons -- Metabolism -- Health Aspects -- Observations in Humans -- Observations in Other Species -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- 2,4,6-Trichlorophmol (C6H3C13O) -- Metabolism -- Health Aspects -- Observations in Humans -- Observations in Other Species -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Suggested No-Adverse-Response Level (SNARL) -- References -- Index.