Contents -- Editorial Note -- The Less-Developed World: How Can We be Optimists? -- I SALAM THE MAN -- The Lonely Scientists - Thinking Ahead with Abdus Salam -- The question is how. -- Intuitive. -- But where did you yourself come from? -- This is a temporary condition,of course. -- How do you make it start? -- What are the numbers like? How many young Pakistanis are studying technical subjects? -- Will these men go back to Pakistan? -- Not even agriculturalists? -- That seems absurd. -- And meanwhile, the thing is to encourage the glamour sciences? -- Often this seems to mean into theoretical physics. -- What do you mean, saving? -- He has students but no teachers. -- This is what your new institute will try to do. -- Do they also represent a different way of thinking? -- So you see a third group in both an intellectual and a political sense. -- How was the idea received then? -- But it wasn't set up at that time, was it? -- Would that be desirable? -- It does seem strangely remote from the practical world as away to help a developing country. -- The important thing is to develop a scientific tradition, no matter what science it is ? -- A slow process, A generation. -- A Man of Science- Abdus Salam -- Man of Two Worlds by Robert Walgate -- Abdus Salamby John Ziman -- II SCIENCE AND THE WORLD -- Diseases of the Rich and Diseases of the Poor -- Ideals and Realities -- The New International Economic Order -- Food -- Oceans -- Ill SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION -- Technology and Pakistan's Attack on Poverty -- Advanced Scientific Research in Developing Countries -- Towards a Scientific Research and Development Policy for Pakistan -- INTRODUCTION -- 1. There are three things wrong with Pakistan's research effort in science and technology: -- 2. Small absolute size of science.

3. Neglected development of the scientific effort in certain important spheres -- (a) Adaptive research needed to complement imported technology -- (b) New research and development in areas of interest to Pakistan only (innovative research) -- (c) Neglected university research -- 4. Wrong location of our research effort -- 5. Isolation -- 6. Remedial measures - some guidelines -- 6.1 The size of science -- 6.2 Mission-oriented research -- (a) Industrial research -- (b) Agriculture -- (c) Irrigation, power, flood control, communications, telecommunications -- 6.3 The universities -- 6.4 Linkages of universities and research establishments -- 6.5 Ending of isolation -- 7. Administrative organization of Pakistan science -- SUMMARY -- (A) Category One: Research institutes linked with the university system -- (B) Category Two: Cooperative industrial research and development institutions -- (C) Category Three: Development and research cells and institutes -- APPENDIX STRUCTURE OF THE UNITED KINGDOM SCIENCE RESEARCH COUNCIL (for Basic Sciences) FROM THE OFFICIAL REPORTS OF THE COUNCIL -- 1. The Science Research Council -- 2. Scope and constitution -- 3. Research grants -- 4. Postgraduate training awards: summary -- RESEARCH GRANTS SCHEME -- 5. Policy -- 6. Subjects -- 7. Purpose of grant -- 8. Duration of grant -- 9. Operation of the Council -- Aiding Physicists in Developing Countries -- Speech at the Nobel Banquet -- The Blindness of the Third World -- A World Federation of Institutes of Advanced Study -- Internationalization of Science in Developing Countries -- Expatriate Nationals and Promotion of Education and Research in Developing Countries -- International Commons: Sharing of International Resources -- IV INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR THEORETICAL PHYSICS -- Need for an International Centre for Theoretical Physics -- A New Centre for Physics.

THE FIRST YEAR -- FOR THE FUTURE -- Address to the UNESCO Executive Board -- Trieste - World Rendezvous for Physicists -- The International Centre for Theoretical Physics in Trieste -- V SCIENCE IN ISLAMIC COUNTRIES -- Foundations for Sciences in Islam -- ISLAMIC SCIENCE FOUNDATION -- Renaissance of Sciences in Arab and Islamic Lands -- Unification of Fundamental Forces -- Science the Shared Heritage of Mankind -- The Decline of Science in Islam -- Preconditions for a Renaissance of Sciences in Islam -- Technology in Our Countries -- The Two Appeals -- Islamic Science Talent Fund -- The Gulf University and Science in the Arab-Islamic Commonwealth -- 1. Taffakur and Taskheer (Science and Technology) -- 2. The Level of Scientific Creation in Islam -- 3. The Present Picture of Sciences in Islamic Countries -- 4. The New Gulf University -- 5. The reasons for Muslim Pre-Eminence in Sciences before 1000 CE and for the Subsequent Decline -- 6. Science Transfer and Technology Transfer -- 7. Steps Needed to Excel in Sciences -- 8. Conclusions -- VI PERSPECTIVES ON PHYSICS -- Einstein's Last Dream : The Space-Time Unification of Fundamental Forces -- The Nature of the "Ultimate" Explanation in Physics -- Gauge Unification of Fundamental Forces -- I. FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES, FUNDAMENTAL FORCES, AND GAUGE UNIFICATION -- II. THE EMERGENCE OF SPONTANEOUSLY BROKEN SU(2) x U(l) GAUGE THEORY -- III THE PRESENT AND ITS PROBLEMS -- IV. DIRECT EXTRAPOLATION FROM THE ELECTROWEAK TO THE ELECTRONUCLEAR -- A. The three ideas -- B. Tests of electronuclear grand unification -- V. ELEMENTARITY UNIFICATION WITH GRAVITY AND NATURE OF CHARGE -- A. The quest for elementarity, prequarks (preons and pre-preons) -- B. Post-Planck physics, supergravity, and Einstein's dreams -- C. Extended supergravity,SU(8) preons,and composite gauge fields.

APPENDIX A: EXAMPLES OF GRAND UNIFYING GROUPS -- APPENDIX B: DOES THE GRAND PLATEAU REALLY EXIST -- REFERENCES -- BIODATA.