Astronomy and Astrophysics for the 1980's -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 High-Energy Astrophysics -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. THE NATURE OF HIGH-ENERGY ASTRONOMY AND THE SCOPE OF THE REPORT -- III. SUMMARY OF PRINCIPAL RECOMMENDATIONS -- A. Major Programs -- 1. Advanced X-Ray Astrophysics Facility -- 2. Cosmic-Ray Studies -- 3. Facility-Class Instruments for Solar Astronomy within the Spacelab Program -- 4. Augmentation of Funding for the Explorer Program -- 5. Development of Advanced Instrumentation through the Spacelab Program -- B. Smaller Programs -- 1. Solar Neutrino Detectors -- 2. Development and Deployment of Detectors for Gravitational Waves -- 3. Increased Support for Theoretical High-Energy Astrophysics -- 4. Support of Rocket and Balloon Programs -- 5. Support for Air-Shower Studies -- IV. X-RAY ASTRONOMY -- A. Introduction -- B. Progress during the 1970's -- 1. Major Achievements -- 2. State of Knowledge -- a. Single Stars -- b. Close Binary Stars -- c. Supernova Remnants and the Interstellar Medium -- d. Normal Galaxies -- e. Active Galactic Nuclei -- f. Clusters of Galaxies -- g. The Extragalactic X-Ray Background -- 3. State of Instrumentation -- C. Scientific Goals for the 1980's -- 1. Low-Luminosity Galactic Sources -- 2. High-Luminosity Galactic Sources -- 3. Globular Clusters -- 4. Supernova Remnants -- 5. Interstellar Medium -- 6. Normal Galaxies -- 7. Active Galactic Nuclei -- 8. Clusters of Galaxies -- 9. The X-Ray Background -- D. Inventory of Present or Approved Resources -- E. Opportunities and Requirements for Future Programs -- 1. Large X-Ray Observatories -- a. Advanced X-Ray Astrophysics Facility (AXAF) -- b. Large-Area Modular Array of Reflectors (LAMAR) -- c. X-Ray Observatory (XRO) -- 2. Explorer Missions -- a. X-Ray Timing Explorer (XTE) -- b. Soft X-Ray Explorer -- c. X-Ray Spectroscopy.

d. Analysis of Coronas -- 3. Long-Duration Balloon Flights -- 4. Spacelab -- a. Principal Investigator Experiments -- b. Multiuser Facilities -- 5. Sounding Rockets -- 6. Supporting Research and Technology, Including Balloons -- 7. Theory and Data Analysis -- V. EXTREME-ULTRAVIOLET ASTRONOMY -- A. Introduction -- B. Scientific Goals for the 1980's -- 1. Stellar Chromospheres, Transition Regions, Coronas, and Flares -- 2. Cataclysmic Variable Stars and Magnetic White Dwarfs -- 3. Hot White Dwarfs -- 4. The Interstellar Medium -- C. Inventory of Present or Approved Resources -- D. New Facilities Proposed for the 1980's -- E. Summary and Recommendations -- VI. GAMMA-RAY ASTRONOMY -- A. Introduction -- B. Progress during the 1970's -- C. Scientific Goals for the 1980's -- 1. Compact Objects -- 2. Gamma-Ray Lines from the Products of Nucleosynthesis -- 3. Gamma-Ray Bursts and Other Transient Phenomena -- 4. Galactic Gamma-Ray Emission -- 5. Extragalactic Gamma Rays -- D. Inventory of Present or Approved Resources -- E. Comparison of Goals with Present or Approved Resources -- F. Opportunities and Requirements for New Programs -- 1. Gamma-Ray Transient Explorer -- 2. Advanced Gamma-Ray Experiments -- 3. Ground-Based Instruments for Very-High-Energy Gamma-Ray Observations -- 4. Supporting Research and Development -- VII. COSMIC-RAY ASTRONOMY -- A. Introduction -- B. Progress during the 1970's -- 1. Instrumentation and Vehicles -- 2. Scientific Accomplishments -- a. Elemental Composition and Energy Spectra (Z up through 28): -- b. Ultraheavy Nuclei with Z Greater Than 28 -- c. Isotopic Composition -- d. Cosmic-Ray Electrons and Positrons -- C. Scientific Goals for the 1980's -- 1. Isotopic Composition from Hydrogen through Nickel -- 2. Elemental Composition of the Ultraheavy Nuclei -- 3. Elemental Composition at High Energies.

4. Energy Spectrum of Electrons at High Energies -- 5. The Composition and Origins of Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays -- 6. Low-Energy Cosmic Rays (<300 MeV/Nucleon) in Interstellar Space -- 7. Solar-System Cosmic Rays -- D. Inventory of Present or Approved Resources -- 1. Small Satellites and Space Probes -- 2. Large Spacecraft -- 3. Space Shuttle -- 4. Balloons -- 5. Air-Shower Detectors -- E. Recommendations for the 1980's -- 1. The Cosmic-Ray Platform -- 2. Missions outside the Magnetosphere -- 3. Deep-Space Missions -- 4. Balloons -- 5. Air-Shower Observations -- VIII. HIGH-ENERGY SOLAR ASTRONOMY -- A. Introduction -- B. Progress during the 1970's -- 1. General Features of the Solar Atmosphere -- 2. Transient Events -- 3. Long-Term Variability -- C. Scientific Objectives of High-Energy Solar Astronomy -- D. Inventory of Present or Approved Resources -- E. Capabilities of Present or Approved Resources -- F. New Facilities and Programs for the 1980's -- 1. Shuttle Facilities -- 2. Solar Coronal Explorer -- 3. Interplanetary Laboratory (IPL) -- 4. Advanced Solar Observatory -- 5. Other Missions and Programs of Significance to Solar Physics -- G. Summary and Principal Recommendations -- IX. NEUTRINO ASTRONOMY -- A. Low-Energy Neutrinos -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Progress during the 1970's -- 3. Scientific Goals: Present and Future Programs -- 4. Research in Other Countries -- B. Intermediate-Energy Neutrinos -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Inventory of Present Resources -- 3. Scientific Goals and Future Programs -- C. High-Energy Neutrinos -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Present and Future Programs -- X. GRAVITATIONAL-WAVE ASTRONOMY -- A. Introduction -- 1. Verify the Existence of Gravitational Waves and Use Them to Test the General Theory of Relativity -- 2. Harness Gravitational Waves for Observational Astronomy -- B. Progress during the 1970's.

1. Ground-Based Detectors -- 2. The Earth as a Detector -- 3. Doppler Tracking of Spacecraft -- 4. The Binary Pulsar -- 5. Gravitational-Wave Theory -- C. Inventory of Present or Approved Resources -- D. Recommendations for the 1980's -- 1. Ground-Based Detector Program -- 2. Space-Based Detectors -- 3. Theoretical Studies -- 2 Ultraviolet, Optical, and Infrared Astronomy -- I. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- A. Recommendations for Major Initiatives -- B. Scientific Achievements and Opportunities -- II. HIGHLIGHTS OF ASTRONOMY IN THE 1970'S -- A. Management, Facilities, and Instrumentation -- B. Scientific Programs -- 1. Galactic Astronomy -- a. Interstellar Medium -- b. Stellar Astronomy -- 2. Extragalactic Astronomy -- a. Galaxies and Clusters of Galaxies -- b. Quasars -- c. Cosmology -- 3. Solar Astronomy -- a. Solar Magnetic Fields -- b. Coronal Holes and the Solar Wind -- c. Solar Nonradial Pulsations and Seismology -- III. SCIENCE OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE 1980'S -- A. Introduction -- B. Scientific Programs -- 1. Galactic Astronomy -- a. Galactic Structure -- b. Star Formation -- c. Interstellar Medium -- d. Emission Nebulas -- e. Outer Atmospheres of Stars -- 2. Extragalactic Astronomy -- a. Galaxies and Clusters of Galaxies -- b. Quasars -- c. Cosmology -- 3. Astrometry -- a. Stellar Census -- b. Solar-System Model -- c. Inertial Reference System -- 4. Solar Physics -- IV. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE UVOIR PROGRAM FOR THE 1980'S -- A. Major Recommendations -- 1. The 15-Meter New Technology Telescope and Closely Related Projects -- a. The Scientific Impact of the New Technology Telescope -- b. Technical Considerations for a 15-Meter New Technology Telescope -- c. The New Technology Telescope: Summary -- d. Support Telescope Program for the 1980's -- 2. A Large Deployable Reflector in Space -- a. Scientific Impact.

b. Galactic Nuclei and Galactic Structure -- c. Star Formation and Evolution -- d. Mass Loss in Stars -- e. Status of Technology -- 3. Far-Ultraviolet Spectrograph in Space -- 4. Advanced Solar Observatory -- 5. Requirements for Improved Detectors and Instrumentation in the 1980's -- a. Introduction -- b. Infrared Spectral Region -- c. Visual and Near-Infrared Spectral Region -- d. Ultraviolet Spectral Region -- e. Computer Support -- f. Optical Coatings -- B. Endorsement of Continuing NASA Programs -- 1. The Space Telescope -- a. Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) -- b. Refurbishment of ST Instrumentation -- 2. The NASA Infrared Astronomy Program -- a. Shuttle Infrared Telescope Facility -- b. Cosmic Background Explorer -- 3. Solar Optical Telescope -- a. Heating and Energy Balance in the Solar Atmosphere -- b. Plasma/Magnetic-Field Interaction in Subarcsecond Structures -- c. Sunspots -- C. Recommendations for Other Outstanding Programs and Projects for the 1980's -- 1. Solar-Physics Program -- a. Solar Coronal Explorer Satellite -- b. Solar Interior Dynamics Program -- 2. Sky Surveys Needed to Support Major Missions -- a. Infrared Surveys from Space -- b. Moderate and Wide-Field Imaging in the 1200-10,000-Å Wavelength Region -- 3. Planetary Observations -- a. Dedicated Orbital Telescope for Solar-System Studies -- b. Extrasolar Planetary Detection -- 4. Observatory Support -- 5. 2.5-5-Meter Telescope Program -- 6. Moderate Cost Space Missions -- a. Astronomy Payloads on Space Shuttle -- b. Explorer Program -- V. PROJECTIONS INTO THE FUTURE -- A. Management Considerations -- B. Instrumentation in the 1990's -- C. The Direction of Scientific Research in the 1990's -- 1. Large Gains in Angular Resolution -- 2. Increased Light-Gathering Power -- 3. Increased Capability for Study of Objects with Low Surface Brightness -- VI. EPILOGUE.

3 Radio Astronomy.