Global Tropospheric Chemistry -- Copyright -- FOREWORD -- PREFACE -- Contents -- PART I A PLAN FOR ACTION -- Executive Summary -- 1 The Need for an Program -- PUBLIC POLICY PROBLEMS AND ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY -- ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY: TOOL, SCIENCE, OR BOTH? -- TROPOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY: THE PROSPECTUS -- 2 A Framework -- SOURCES -- TRANSPORT AND DISTRIBUTION -- TRANSFORMATION -- Homogeneous Gas-Phase Transformations -- Homogeneous Aqueous-Phase Transformations -- Heterogeneous Transformations -- REMOVAL -- PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF TRACE SUBSTANCES IN THE TROPOSPHERE -- SUMMARY -- 3 A Proposed Program -- LONG-TERM GOALS AND OBJECTIVES -- BIOLOGICAL SOURCES OF ATMOSPHERIC CHEMICALS -- Investigations of Specific Sources -- Tundra, Taiga, and Freshwater Marshes -- Tropical Forests -- Biomass Burning -- Coastal Wetland and Estuarine Environments -- Agricultural Biomes -- Open Oceans -- Temperate Forests -- Savannas and Temperate Grasslands -- Needs for Instruments and Verification of Methods -- GLOBAL DISTRIBUTIONS AND LONG-RANGE TRANSPORT -- Chemical Species and Measurement Techniques -- Experimental Design -- Measurement Validation -- Observational Protocol -- Principles For Network Design -- Strategy for Obtaining Vertical Distribution Data -- The Program -- Phase I -- Phase II -- PHOTOCHEMICAL TRANSFORMATIONS -- Theory Validation Experiments -- Identification of Critical Measurements -- Sampling Strategy -- Instrument Readiness -- Concentration Distribution Experiment -- Sampling Strategy -- Instrumentation -- Platforms -- Laboratory Measurement Requirements -- Mechanistic Studies of Family Chemical Systems -- Measurements of Individual Gas-Phase Rate Coefficients -- Fundamental Spectroscopic and Photochemical Studies -- Photochemical Modeling -- CONVERSION, REDISTRIBUTION, AND REMOVAL -- Experimental Constraints -- Recommended Field Experiments.

Wet Removal Experiment -- Dry Removal Experimental Program -- Future Experiments -- MODELING THE TROPOSPHERIC CHEMICAL SYSTEM -- Models for Biological and Surface Sources and Sinks -- Models for Global Distributions and Long-Range Transport -- Models for Photochemical Transformations -- Modds for Conversion, Redistribution, and Removal Processes -- Summary -- INSTRUMENT AND PLATFORM REQUIREMENTS -- Field and Laboratory Instrumentation -- Platforms -- Aircraft -- Ships -- Satellites -- INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION -- 4 Global Tropospheric Chemistry-A Call to Action -- PART II ASSESSMENT OF CURRENT UNDERSTANDING -- 5 Critical Processes Affecting the Distribution of Chemical Species -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- GLOBAL DISTRIBUTIONS AND LONG-RANGE TRANSPORT -- Monitoring Concepts -- Network Design -- Temporal Considerations -- Vertical Distribution Measurements -- BIOLOGICAL AND SURFACE SOURCES -- The Importance of Biological Sources -- The Nature of Biological Sources -- Globally Important Biomes -- Tundra and Other Northern Environments -- Temperate Forests -- Tropical Areas (Forests and Savannas) -- Tropical Areas -- Coastal Marsh, Estuary, and Continental Shelf Environments -- Point Sources -- Rice Agriculture -- Productive Oceans -- Issues of Closure -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- HOMOGENEOUS AND HETEROGENEOUS TRANSFORMATIONS -- Homogeneous Gas-Phase Chemistry -- Cyclic Photochemical Transformations: HxOy -- Cyclic Photochemical Transformations: NxOy -- Ozone Transformations/Photochemical Sources and Sinks -- Noncyclic Transformations -- Homogeneous Aqueous-Phase Transformations -- Heterogeneous Processes -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- Homogeneous Gas-Phase Transformations -- Heterogeneous Processes -- WET AND DRY REMOVAL PROCESSES -- Wet Deposition -- Fog and Dewfall -- Dry Deposition -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- 6 The Role of Modeling in Understanding Tropospheric Chemical Processes.

PRINCIPLES OF MODELING -- EXISTING MODELS -- MODELING IN SUPPORT OF THE PROPOSED RESEARCH PROGRAMS -- Biological and Surface Source Models -- Modeling Noncyclic Transformation and Removal Processes in Clouds -- Modeling Fast-Photochemical Cycles and Transformations -- Modeling Global Distributions and Long-Range Transport with a Three-Dimensional Meteorological Model -- Institutional Framework For Development and Application of a Three-Dimensional Tropospheric Chemistry System Model (TCSM) -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- 7 Tropospheric Chemical Cycles -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- WATER (HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE) -- Sources -- Transport and Distribution -- Transformation and Sinks -- TROPOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES BY C. C. DELWICHE -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- OZONE -- Sources -- Sinks -- Distribution/Climatology -- Issues -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- FIXED NITROGEN CYCLE -- Current Issues -- Sources -- Distributions -- Transformations -- Removal -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- SULFUR CYCLE -- Current Issues -- Sources and Distributions -- Carbonyl Sulfide (COS) -- Carbon Disulfide (CS2) -- Dimethylsulfide (Ch3)2S -- Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) -- Transformations and Sinks -- Role of Clouds and Aqueous-Phase Chemistry -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- CARBON CYCLE -- Current Issues -- The Cycles of Reactive Carbon Compounds -- Sources -- Distribution -- Transformations and Sinks -- The Cycle of Carbon Dioxide -- Interaction with Other Cycles -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- HALOGENS -- Current Issues -- Distribution of Halogens in the Atmosphere -- Sources of Atmospheric Halogens -- Reactions and Transformations of Halogens -- Removal Processes for Halogens -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- TRACE ELEMENTS -- Current Issues -- Sources and Transport -- Distribution -- Transformations and Sinks -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- AEROSOL PARTICLES -- Sources -- Transport -- Transformations -- Removal Processes -- Distribution -- Conclusions -- BIBLIOGRAPHY.

8 Instrumentation Development Needs for Use of Mass-Balance Technique -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- 9 Instrument and Platform Survey -- INSTRUMENTATION FOR IN SITU MEASUREMENTS -- REMOTE SENSING TECHNOLOGY -- AIRCRAFT PLATFORMS -- OCEANOGRAPHIC PLATFORMS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- APPENDIXES -- Appendix A Current Tropospheric Chemistry Research in the United States -- NAD's Atmospheric Chemistry Program -- NASA's Global Tropospheric Experiment -- Noaa's Geophysical Monitoring for Climatic Change Program -- NSF's Searex Program -- The National ACID Precipitation Assessment Program -- Other Related Programs -- Appendix B Remote Sensor Technology -- Present Spaceborne Sensor Measurements -- Hazy AIR Masses -- Measurement of AIR Pollution from Satellites (MAPS) -- Future Instrument Techniques -- Passive Remote Sensors -- Active Remote Sensors -- Future Thrusts -- Recommendations and Conclusions -- Sensor Systems Panel Recommendations -- Sensing Technology Panel Recommendations -- Summary -- Appendix C Element Cycle Matrices -- INDEX.