Disposal of Industrial and Domestic Wastes -- Copyright -- Contents -- Introduction -- Executive Summary of Workshop Report -- 1 Report of the Panel on Sludge Management and Public Policy -- 1.1 DEFINITION OF THE PROBLEM -- 1.2 CONSTRAINTS ON POLICY IMPLEMENTATION -- 1.2.1 The Statutory Framework -- 1.2.2 The System of Public Administration -- 1.2.3 Economic Factors -- 1.3 ANALYTICAL METHODS AND INFORMATION NEEDS FOR DEVELOPING AND ASSESSING PUBLIC POLICY ON WASTE MANAGEMENT -- 1.3.1. The Assumptions -- 1.3.2 The Context for Waste-Management Decision Making -- 1.3.2.1 Weighting -- 1.3.2.2 Scale of Resolution -- 1.3.2.3 Boundaries of the Problem -- 1.3.3 Scientific Uncertainty and the Value of Information -- 1.3.4 The Effects of Concern from Decision Making -- 1.3.5 Matrix Approaches to Multimedia Assessment -- 1.3.6 Methodological Problems of Integrating Various Types of Information -- 1.3.7 Methods for Resolving Conflict in the Public Policy Process -- 1.4 CONCLUSIONS -- NOTES AND REFERENCES -- 2 Report of the Panel on Marine Sciences -- 2.1 INTRODUCTION -- 2.2 OCEAN PROCESSES DETERMINING TRANSPORT, FATE, AND EFFECTS -- 2.2.2 The Process-Oriented Approach -- 2.2.2.1 Physical Processes -- 2.2.2.2 Chemical Processes -- 2.2.2.3 Biological Processes -- 2.2.3 Predictions of Concentrations and Fluxes -- 2.2.3.1 Basis for Prediction -- 2.2.3.2 Information Needs for Prediction -- 2.3 CASE STUDY: PROPOSED DEEP-OCEAN DISCHARGE OF SEWAGE SLUDGE -- 2.3.1 Suspended Solids -- 2.3.1.1 Synthetic Organics -- 2.3.1.2 Dissolved Oxygen/Biochemical Oxygen Demand -- 2.3.1.3 Nutrients -- 2.3.1.4 Metals -- 2.4 ULTIMATE FATE -- 2.5 OVERVIEW -- 2.5.1 Assessment of Capabilities -- 2.5.2 Information Needs Resulting from Prediction -- REFERENCES -- 3 Report of the Panel on Land Disposal -- 3.1 INTRODUCTION -- 3.2 WASTE PROPERTIES -- 3.2.1 Pathogen Content.

3.2.2 Acute Toxicity -- 3.2.3 Chronic Toxicity -- 3.2.4 Toxicant Mobility -- 3.2.5 Biodegradability/Persistence -- 3.2.6 Bioaccumulation -- 3.2.7 Waste Component Interactions -- 3.2.8 Phytotoxicity -- 3.2.9 Incompatibility with Containment Systems -- 3.2.10 Volume -- 3.3 SITE PROPERTIES -- 3.3.1 Hydrologic Considerations -- 3.3.1.1 Characterization of Loading Rate -- 3.3.1.2 Overland Runoff -- 3.3.1.3 Water-Flow Velocity -- 3.3.1.4 Transport in the Groundwater System -- 3.3.1.5 Transport in Surface-Water Systems -- 3.3.1.6 Summary of Hydrologic Considerations -- 3.3.1.7 Land-Use Considerations -- 3.3.2 Terrestrial Ecological Considerations -- 3.4 FACILITY DESIGN PROPERTIES -- 3.4.1 Location -- 3.4.2 Site Selection -- 3.4.3 Barriers to Waste Migration -- 3.4.4 Waste Segregation -- 3.4.5 Maintainability -- 3.4.6 Site Development -- 3.4.7 Monitoring -- REFERENCES -- 4 Report of the Panel on Biological Effects -- 4.1 SITE EVALUATION -- 4.1.1 Introduction -- 4.1.2 Marine Site Evaluation -- 4.1.2.1 Nearshore Disposal -- 4.1.2.2 Deep-Water Disposal -- 4.1.2 Terrestrial Site Evaluation -- 4.2 CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION OF ECOSYSTEM EFFECTS -- 4.2.1 General Aspects of Ecosystem Evaluation -- 4.2.2 Effects on Species -- 4.2.3 Community Stability -- 4.2.3.1 Resistance -- 4.2.3.2 Recoverability -- 4.2.4 Productivity Changes -- 4.2.5 Transport of Waste Constituents -- 4.2.6 Habitat Types -- 4.2.6.1 Uniqueness -- 4.2.6.2 Recoverability -- 4.2.6.3 Nursery Grounds -- 4.2.7 Monitoring Ecosystem Effects -- 4.2.8 Health Effects--Pathogens -- 4.2.8.1 Pathogen Problems Associated with Marine Disposal -- 4.2.8.2 Pathogen Problems Associated with Land Disposal -- 4.2.9 Toxicological Effects--Toxicants -- 4.2.10 Summary -- 4.3 INFORMATION NEEDS -- REFERENCES -- 5 Case Study A: Report of the Panel on Sewage Sludge -- 5.1 INTRODUCTION.

5.1.1 Why Must Wastewater Sludges Be Studied? -- 5.1.2 Availability of Required Information -- 5.1.3 Approach to the Problem -- 5.2 THE MATERIAL -- 5.2.1 Source -- 5.2.2 Wastewater Treatment Processes -- 5.2.3 Sludge Conversion -- 5.2.4 Pathogens -- 5.2.5 Trace Metals -- 5.2.5.1 Potentially Harmful Trace Contaminants -- 5.2.5.2 Phytotoxic Elements in Sludge -- 5.2.5.3 Selection of Disposal/Utilization Sites -- 5.3 AVAILABLE DISPOSAL AND/OR REUSE OPTIONS -- 5.3.1 Thermal Processes -- 5.3.1.1 Incineration -- 5.3.1.2 Pyrolysis -- 5.3.1.3 Wet Combustion -- 5.3.2 Land-Based Alternatives -- 5.3.3 Ocean-Based Alternatives -- 5.3.4.1 Chemical Fixation -- 5.3.4.2 Thermal Fixation -- 5.4 LOCAL CONSIDERATIONS -- 5.4.1 Environmental Considerations -- 5.4.1.1 Geography -- 5.4.1.2 Climate -- 5.4.1.3 Unique Environmental Features -- 5.4.1.4 Other Factors -- 5.4.2 Sociopolitical Factors -- 5.5 EVALUATION PROCESS -- 5.5.1 Introduction -- 5.5.2 Human Health Risk -- 5.5.3 Conclusions -- 5.5.4 Financial Assessment -- 5.6 SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- 6 Case Study B: Report of the Panel on Industrial Wastes -- 6.1 INTRODUCTION -- 6.2 CONSIDERATION OF ALTERNATIVES -- 6.2.1 Screening of Alternatives -- 6.2.2 Detailed Evaluation -- 6.2.3 Cost Estimation for Alternatives -- 6.2.4 Final Listing of Alternatives -- 6.3 IMPACT ASSESSMENT -- 6.3.1 Environmental Impacts -- 6.3.2 Institutional Impacts -- 6.4 DECISION MAKING -- 6.5 CASE STUDY -- 6.5.1 Background -- 6.5.1.1 Neutralization and Land Disposal (Table 6.4) -- 6.5.1.2 Ocean Disposal (Table 6.5) -- 6.5.1.3 Conclusion -- 6.6 CONCLUSIONS AND INFORMATION NEEDS -- REFERENCES -- Appendix A: Participants.