Perspectives on Urban Infrastructure -- Copyright -- Contents -- Introduction -- 1 The Evolution of the Urban Infrastructure in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries -- INTRODUCTION -- URBAN NETWORKS AND WALKING CITIES: A PERIOD OF FOUNDATIONS, 1790-1855 -- The Development of Urban Infrastructure -- Financing Infrastructure in the Walking City -- Engineers and Urban Technology -- Conclusion -- CONSTRUCTING THE CORE INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE CENTRAL CITIES, 1855-1910 -- Introduction -- Municipal Provision of Infrastructure -- Institutional and Political Changes in Infrastructure Supply and Distribution -- Financing Infrastructure -- Engineering and Science Development -- THE DOMINATION OF THE AUTOMOBILE AND THE ENLARGEMENT OF THE FEDERAL ROLE, 1910-1956 -- The Automobile Revolution, 1910-1930 -- The New Deal -- Professional Developments -- The Postwar Period -- THE RISE OF THE OUTER CITY AND RECENT TRENDS INFLUENCING URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE, 1956-1982 -- Changing Fiscal Trends -- The Environmental Movement -- Mass Transit -- Alternative Systems -- CONCLUSION -- AFTERWORD -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- Bibliography -- DISCUSSION -- Randy Hamilton -- Wilfred Owen -- Abel Wolman -- SUMMARY -- 2 Assessing Infrastructure Needs: The State of the Art -- INTRODUCTION -- The Infrastructure Problem -- National Needs -- The Challenge Ahead -- DEFINING NEEDS -- Needs Versus Desirable Improvements -- The Needs Assessment Process -- The Role of Standards -- Summary -- THE CONDITION ASSESSMENT PROCESS -- Defining Conditions -- Condition Assessment Measures -- The National Bridge Inspection Program -- The New York City Water Distribution System -- THE INVESTMENT DECISION-MAKING PROCESS -- Estimating Investment Requirements -- A Framework for Investment Decisions -- The EPA Needs Survey -- The Wisconsin Department of Transportation's Approach to Investment Programming.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- Needs Assessment Issues -- The Limited Use of Traditional Needs Surveys -- The Importance of Technically Sound Condition Information to Effective Infrastructure Management -- The Importance of the Investment Decision-Making Process -- Research Agenda -- Bibliography -- DISCUSSION -- Harry Hatry -- Kurt W. Bauer -- SUMMARY -- Preparation of Inventories and Needs Analyses -- National Versus Local-Level Data -- Interim Assessments -- Data Available for Needs Assessments -- The Quality of Engineering Knowledge -- 3 Financing the Nation's Infrastructure Requirements -- INTRODUCTION -- THE CURRENT INFRASTRUCTURE FINANCING SYSTEM: HAS IT FAILED? -- CAPITAL FINANCING INSTITUTIONS: ARE THEY AT FAULT? -- Federal Aid -- Long-Term Borrowing -- Insulating Infrastructure From General Budget Competition -- FINANCING PRINCIPLES: THE USER-COST PRINCIPLE -- FINANCING PRINCIPLES: AN INFRASTRUCTURE BANK -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- DISCUSSION -- Franklin D. Raines -- Forest Witsman -- SUMMARY -- Distinctions Between New Capital Programs and Maintenance -- The Advantages of an Infrastructure Bank -- The Opportunities for and Limitations of User Fees -- The Role of Interest Rates in the Financing of Facilities -- The Opportunity for Use of a Form of Commodity Bond -- 4 Politics and Urban Public Facilities -- FACILITIES AND POLITICAL POWER: A GLANCE AT MUNICIPAL HISTORY -- Boss Tweed's Pavement Politics -- Cleveland: A Bridge to Electoral Victory -- Public Works as Political Strategy -- TODAY'S INFRASTRUCTURE CRISIS AND THE POLITICS OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT -- The Deferral of Capital Improvements -- Financing Public Works: The Political Environment Since 1960 -- Public Facilities and the Politics of Urban Growth -- STANDARDS, NEEDS, AND PUBLIC ACTION -- Engineering Standards -- Political Standards -- Needs -- Filling Potholes and Budget Gaps.

"GOODIES" -- CONCLUSION: DOES MANAGEMENT FAIL INFRASTRUCTURE? OR THE VALUE OF PORK -- REFERENCES -- DISCUSSION -- Philip Dearborne -- Scott Johnson -- Henry Gardiner -- SUMMARY -- Does the Political System Doom Us to a Substandard Level of Service? -- The Role of the Public Works Professional and Manager -- The Need to Understand the Trade-Offs -- The Engineering Brain Drain and Local Public Works Decisions -- 5 The Future of Urban Public Works: New Ways of Doing Business -- INTRODUCTION -- INFRASTRUCTURE AS AN IMPORTANT NATIONAL ISSUE -- Visible Signs of Decay -- Deteriorating State and Local Finances -- A National or Local Issue -- SOME FUTURE TRENDS IN URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND TECHNOLOGY -- Future Development and Public Works -- New Technology of Infrastructure -- An Infrastructure for Infrastructure Innovation -- THE SEARCH FOR CREATIVE ALTERNATIVES -- Benefit-Based Approaches Versus Ability to Pay -- The Impact of Fiscal Constraints: A New Role for Local Government -- Alternatives in the Bay Area -- Innovation in Urban Transportation -- Sale-Leaseback -- State and National Alternatives -- State Bond Banks -- Federal Public Works Bank -- THE POLITICS OF URBAN PUBLIC WORKS: A NEW ECOLOGY OF GAMES -- Public Works as a Job Strategy -- The Business Role in Emerging Political Coalitions -- Structural Changes in Planning and Financing -- Joint Public-Private Investment -- CONCLUSIONS -- Research Implications -- Technology -- Economics -- Politics -- Long-Range Assessment -- REFERENCES -- DISCUSSION -- John M. Armstrong -- Larry J. Feeser -- SUMMARY -- The Need for Research and Development -- The Importance of Innovation Transfer -- The ''Brain Drain'' of Engineers Away from Public Works -- The Impact of the Computer on Cities and Their Needs for Infrastructure -- Appendix A Program -- Appendix B Participants.