LANGUAGE UNIVERSALS AND SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION -- Editorial page -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Table of contents -- PREFACE -- INTRODUCTION -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- WHY LINGUISTS NEED LANGUAGE ACQUIRERS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Relative Clause Formation -- 3. Ergative and Accusative Patterns -- 4. Conclusions -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- COMMENTS ON THE PAPER BY COMRIE -- 1. Interaction -- 2. The importance of a wide data base -- 3. Ergativity -- SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION AND THE ONTOLOGY OF LANGUAGE UNIVERSALS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. An overview of the nature of language universals and their potential influence on adult second language acquisition -- 3. Test cases -- 4. Discussion -- 5. Conclusion -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- COMMENTS ON THE PAPER BY GASS AND ARD -- REPLY TO KUMPF'S COMMENTS -- 1. Nosography -- 2. Category selection -- 3. The status of universals -- 4. Data collection and instructional environment -- 5. Object of inquiry -- REFERENCES -- UNIVERSALS, TYPOLOGIES AND INTERLANGUAGE -- 1. Introduction and purpose -- 2. The hypothesis -- 3. The Test -- 3.1. Typologies -- 3.2. Data -- 3.3. Results -- 4. Discussion -- 5. Conclusion -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- COMMENTS ON THE PAPER BY ECKMAN -- REFERENCE -- UNIVERSALS OF DISCOURSE STRUCTURE AND SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Topicality and topic continuity in discourse -- 3. Methodology and data-base -- 4. The Hawaii Korean-English transcript -- 4.1. Topic-marking devices -- 4.2. Numerical results -- 5. The Hawaii Philippine-English transcript -- 5.1. Topic-marking devices -- 5.2. Numerical results -- 6. The Spanish-English transcript -- 6.1. Methodological adjustments for conversation data -- 6.2. Topic-marking devices -- 6.3. Numerical results -- 7. Discussion -- 7.1. Comparison of coding-points on the topic-continuity scale.

7.2. The gist of the topic-marking universals -- 7.3. Some concluding remarks on topics and comments -- 7.4. Variability and non-grammaticality in Pidginization -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- APPENDIX I: Transcript page of the Korean-English text -- APPENDIX II: Transcript page of the Philippine-English text -- APPENDIX III: Transcript page of the Spanish-English text -- COMMENTS ON THE PAPER BY GIVÓN -- REFERENCES -- THE LANGUAGE BIOPROGRAM HYPOTHESIS AND SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION -- 1. What are linguistic universals? -- 1.2. Universals and their neuro-biological infrastructure -- 2. The nature of the language bioprogram -- 3. Evidence for the bioprogram -- 3.1. Creoles -- 3.2. First language acquisition -- 3.3. Language origins -- 4. The bioprogram and the critical period -- 5. Primary versus secondary acquisition -- 6. Can the bioprogram influence secondary acquisition? -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- COMMENTS ON THE PAPER BY BICKERTON -- A UNIVERSAL INPUT CONDITION -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Negative input: its nature and relevance -- 3. The availability of negative input -- 4. Learner response to negative input -- 5. Conclusion -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- UNIFORMITY AND SOURCE-LANGUAGE VARIATION ACROSS DEVELOPMENTAL CONTINUA -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Uniformity and variation -- 1.2. Targeted and nativizing/optimalizing changes -- 2. Targeted change: negation -- 3. Evolutive change: subject deletion and fledgling SVO languages -- 4. Optimalization processes: the syntax and semantics of FOR -- 4.1. FOR with infinitival and sentential complements -- 4.2. FOR as a dative/genitive case preposition -- 4.3. Analogizing of the phrase structure -- 5. Conclusion -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- COMMENTS ON THE PAPER BY ZOBL -- REFERENCES -- IN WHAT WAYS ARE LANGUAGE UNIVERSALS PSYCHOLOGICALLY REAL? -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The determination of the n-dimensional space.

3. In search of psychological correspondence. -- 4. Implications for second language acquisition research. -- 5. Conclusion. -- REFERENCES -- COMMENTS ON THE PAPER BY HAKUTA -- REFERENCES -- REPLY TO HATCH'S COMMENTS -- REPERTOIRE UNIVERSALS, MARKEDNESS, AND SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION -- 1. Concepts -- 1.1. Repertoire universals. -- 1.2. Markedness. -- 1.3. Second language acquisition. -- 2. Examples. -- 2.1. Stops. -- 2.2. Negation. -- 2.3. Respect register. -- 3. Comment -- NOTE -- REFERENCES -- INDEX TO REFERENCES -- INDEX TO LANGUAGES.