Contents -- Introduction -- Part I: Anti-Semitism and Anti-Judaism: The Modern Debate -- 1 From Jules Isaac to Rosemary Ruether -- 2 Consensus and Crisis in the Response to Ruether -- Part II: Judaism and Judaizing Among Gentiles: Attractions and Reactions -- 3 The Greek and Roman Encounter with Judaism: Philosophy and Politics -- 4 The Later Roman Encounter with Judaism: The Politics of Sympathy and Conversion -- 5 Against the Stream: Sympathy for Judaism in Imperial Rome -- 6 Roman Policy Toward Judaism and the Rise of Christianity -- 7 The Dialogue of Paganism with Judaism in Late Antiquity: Philosophers and Magicians -- Part III: Christianity, Israel, and the Torah -- 8 Judaizing and Anti-Judaism in the Christian Tradition -- 9 Controversies and Debates Between Jews and Christians -- 10 Anti-Judaism in the Theological Response to Marcion and the Christian Gnostics -- 11 Paul's Friends and Enemies -- Part IV: The Case of Paul -- 12 On Reinventing Paul -- 13 Has Christ Abrogated the Torah? Has God Rejected His People? -- 14 What Circumstances Gave Rise to Paul's Extended Discussion of Israel, the Torah, and the Gentiles? -- 15 What Was the Heart of Paul's Argument with the Jews, His Kinsmen by Race? -- Conclusion -- Notes -- General Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- X -- Z -- Index of Biblical Passages.