Dredging Coastal Ports -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- ORIGINS OF THE STUDY -- STUDY SCOPE AND METHODS -- Acknowledgments -- REFERENCES -- 1 Executive Summary -- 2 Findings -- 1. DOES THE UNITED STATES NEED ADDITIONAL PORT CAPACITY TO ACCOMMODATE LARGER SHIPS? -- Finding 1 -- 2. WHAT ARE THE MOST ATTRACTIVE WAYS FOR THE UNITED STATES TO ACCOMMODATE LARGE SHIPS? -- Finding 2 -- Finding 3 -- Finding 4 -- Finding 5 -- Finding 6 -- 3. HOW SHOULD DREDGING BE FUNDED, AND WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS FOR DREDGING OF VARIOUS FUNDING APPROACHES? -- Finding 7 -- Finding 8 -- Finding 9 -- 4. WHAT ARE THE CAUSES OF THE SLOWDOWN IN DECISION MAKING FOR LOCAL PROJECTS AND THE STALEMATE FOR FEDERAL PROJECTS, AND... -- Finding 10 -- Finding 11 -- Finding 12 -- Finding 13 -- Finding 14 -- Finding 15 -- Finding 16 -- Finding 17 -- 5. WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF DREDGING PROJECTS, AND HOW CAN THEY BE DEALT WITH? -- Finding 18 -- Finding 19 -- Finding 20 -- Finding 21 -- Finding 22 -- 6. WHAT ARE THE MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH DREDGING AND HOW CAN THEY BE MOST EFFECTIVELY MANAGED? -- Finding 23 -- Finding 24 -- Finding 25 -- Finding 26 -- Finding 27 -- Finding 28 -- Finding 29 -- Finding 30 -- Finding 31 -- Finding 32 -- Finding 33 -- 3 Overview of Dredging Issues -- CHANGES IN THE WORLD ECONOMY AND TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM -- SUMMARY -- PORT DECISION MAKING IN THE UNITED STATES -- REFERENCES -- 4 Does the United States Need to Accommodate Large Vessels? -- INTRODUCTION -- WHAT IS THE PRESENT PORT SITUATION? -- Vessels in the World Fleet and Major Trends -- Ports Worldwide -- ECONOMICS -- LONG LEAD TIMES -- Summary of Factors Contributing to Uncertainty -- National Defense/Security -- Future Flexibility -- REFERENCES -- 5 Options for Handling Large Vessels -- CONSTRUCTION DREDGING -- OFFSHORE TERMINALS.

Fixed Offshore Structures -- Spread-Type Offshore Moorings -- Single-Point Moorings -- Floating Terminals -- Offshore Storage Caisson Terminals -- Offshore Terminal Complexes -- NEW PORTS -- INDUSTRIAL ISLANDS -- WIDER-BEAM CARRIERS WITH RESTRICTED DRAFT -- LIGHTERING/TOPPING-OFF -- CARGO TRANSFER TECHNOLOGIES -- Tramways and Monorails -- COMPARISON BY THE COMMITTEE'S CRITERIA -- Economics -- Navigational Safety -- New Construction Dredging -- Offshore Terminals -- New Deepwater Ports -- Wide-Beam Vessels -- Topping-Off -- Environmental Issues -- New Construction Dredging -- Offshore Terminals -- New Deepwater Ports -- Wide-Beam Vessels -- Topping-Off -- National Security and Defense -- Future Flexibility -- CONCLUSIONS -- Criteria Applicable to Selection of Ports for Deep Construction Dredging -- REFERENCES -- 6 Funding Issues -- FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE FUNDING STALEMATE -- NECESSARY ELEMENTS FOR CONSENSUS -- FUNDING ALTERNATIVES -- GENERAL FUND REVENUES -- PRESENT PORT REVENUES -- USER FEES -- ALLOCATION OF REVENUES -- MANAGEMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF PORT DREDGING -- NON-FUNDING ISSUES -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 7 The Institutional Decision Making System -- INTRODUCTION -- FEDERAL VERSUS LOCAL PROJECTS -- FAST TRACKING -- THE REGULATORY DECISION MAKING SYSTEM -- AGENCY ROLES -- U.S. Army Corps of Engineers -- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Department of Interior) -- National Marine Fisheries Service (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce -- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (Epa) -- State Departments of Fish, Game/Wildlife -- State (and Regional) Water Quality Control Boards -- State Coastal Commissions/Coastal Zone Management Agencies -- Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, State Offices and Others (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers) -- THE PROCESS OF CONCURRENCE AND COORDINATION.

EACH PORT IS UNIQUE -- SUMMARY -- CONCLUSION -- WHAT ARE THE OPTIONS? -- REFERENCES -- 8 Assessment of Technical Considerations and Needs to be Met in Dredging U.S. Ports -- ENGINEERING DESIGN OBJECTIVES FOR DREDGED NAVIGATIONAL FACILITIES -- Maneuvering Requirements of Vessels -- Entrance -- Sinkage -- Bank Effects -- Vessel Interactions -- Decreased Turning Performance -- Winds and Currents -- Irregularities -- Piloting -- Lack of Minimum Standards for Vessel Maneuverability -- Criteria for Dimensions of Dredged Navigational Facilities -- SUMMARY OF ASSESSMENT OF NAVIGATIONAL FACILITIES IN U.S. PORTS -- Operational Adequacy -- DESIGN OF NEW CONSTRUCTION DREDGING PROJECTS FOR MINIMAL MAINTENANCE DREDGING -- MAINTENANCE DREDGING -- CAPABILITY OF THE DREDGING INDUSTRY -- Equipment and Procedures -- Structure of the U.S. Dredging Industry -- Improving the Economy and Efficiency of Dredging -- Replacement of Dredging Plant -- Cutter-Suction Dredges: Problems and Opportunities -- Dredging Wheel -- Position Indicator System -- Recent Improvements in Hopper Dredges -- Hopper -- Draghead-Mounted Dredge Pump -- Active Draghead -- Venturi Draghead -- Automatic Draghead with Winch Control System -- Split-Hull Hopper Dredge -- Underwater Pump in the Suction Pipe -- Automation -- Production Instrumentation -- Production Meter -- Nuclear Silt Density Meter -- Economies in Efficiency -- Market Incentives and Effects -- Integrated Projects -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 9 Environmental Issues -- INTRODUCTION -- SEDIMENTS -- DREDGING PROCEDURES -- DREDGED MATERIAL DISPOSAL PROCEDURES -- ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS -- THE DREDGING SITE -- The Disposal Area -- Upland Sites and Sites Fringing the Shoreline -- Open Water Sites -- Regulatory Procedures -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- Appendix A Summary of Committee Expertise.

Appendix B General Design Criteria for Dredged Navigational Facilities -- Appendix C Questionnaire To Pilots' Organizations -- Appendix D Request for Information from Ports of Other Maritime Nations -- Appendix E Policy and Legislation Pertinent To Dredging -- Appendix F Commissioned Papers and Background Materials Prepared for Study of National Dredging Issues -- Appendix G Figures and Tables.