Contents -- PARTI: NORMAL FEAR -- 1. Fear, Defense, and Evolution -- Normal fear and allied emotions in humans -- Fear as an emotional response syndrome -- Fear responses across species -- Evolution and defensive behavior -- Summary -- 2. Fear-Evoking Situations -- Physical fear-evoking stimuli -- Fear-evoking stimuli from animals -- Summary -- 3. Fear Behaviors: The Four Strategies -- Withdrawal (flight, escape, avoidance) -- Immobility -- Aggressive defense -- Deflection of attack and appeasement (submission) -- Summary -- 4. Some Fear Adaptations -- Protection of groups -- Distress and alarm signals -- Adjustment of defenses to the threat -- Case study of African plains animals -- Summary -- PART II: MECHANISM -- 5. Development of Fear -- The ontogenetic parade and its substrate -- Infancy -- Childhood -- Summary -- 6. Genetics of Fear -- Genetic control of avoidance in invertebrates -- Normal fear -- Anxiety syndromes -- Summary -- 7. Physiology of Fear -- Invertebrates -- Vertebrates -- Neuroendocrinological issues -- Summary -- Toward integration -- 8. Learning of Fear -- Evolution and defensive learning -- Fear acquisition -- Fear reduction (habituation and extinction) -- Some theoretical problems in fear reduction -- Summary -- PART III :CLINICAL SYNDROMES -- 9. Phobic and Obsessive-Compulsive Phenomena: Classification, Prevalence, and Relationship to Other Problems -- Problems of classification -- Phobic and obsessive-compulsive disorders in adults -- Phobic disorders -- Obsessive-compulsive disorder -- Prevalence of phobic and OC disorders and symptoms -- Relationship of phobic and OC problems to other conditions -- Summary -- 10. The Agoraphobic Syndrome (Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia) -- Why is the condition called agoraphobia? -- Demographic aspects -- Precipitating factors, mode of onset, and course -- Clinical picture.

Childhood background, sex, and marriage -- Biological issues -- Summary -- 11. Social and Specific Phobias -- Social phobias -- Specific phobias -- Aversions -- Summary -- 12. Traumatic Phobias, Illness Phobias, and Children's Phobias -- Traumatic phobias (PTSD) -- Illness phobias -- Phobic and obsessive-compulsive disorders in children -- Summary -- 13. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder -- Demographic aspects -- Clinical picture -- Relation of OCD to other conditions -- Summary -- PART IV: TREATMENT -- 14. Principles of Psychological Treatment -- The exposure principle -- Modalities of exposure -- Duration of exposure, intervals between exposure, and avoidance -- Gradient of and arousal during exposure -- Fear reduction: specific habituation versus general coping ability -- Adjuvants to exposure -- Summary -- 15. Psychological Treatment: Clinical Issues -- Follow-up and prognostic issues -- Marital issues in the treatment of phobic/oc disorders -- Particular syndromes -- Summary -- 16. Physical Treatments of Phobic and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders -- Drugs in agoraphobia/panic disorder -- Drugs in other phobias -- Drugs in obsessive-compulsive disorder -- Other physical treatments -- Summary -- References -- Author Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Y -- Z -- Subject Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Y -- Z -- Taxon Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Z.