AIR POLLUTION, THE AUTOMOBILE, AND PUBLIC HEALTH -- Copyright -- Foreword -- Contents -- Part I: Overview -- Automotive Emissions Research -- EMISSIONS CONTROL: THE HISTORY OF CONFLICT -- BENEFITS OF REGULATION -- CURRENT PROBLEMS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES -- IMPORTANCE OF CONTINUING HEALTH RESEARCH -- Regulations: Form or Substance? -- Safety Margins and Susceptible Groups -- Costs and Benefits -- Emergence of a New Regulatory Structure in Mobile Source Emission Regulation -- Research and Comprehensive Risk Management -- Regulatory Credibility and the Maturation of Toxicology -- THE HEALTH EFFECTS INSTITUTE AND THE SOCIAL CONTEXT -- Project History and Organization -- RATIONALE -- ORGANIZATION -- MESSAGES TO AND FROM THE AUTHORS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- STEERING COMMITTEE -- EXPOSURE ANALYSIS SUBCOMMITTEE -- BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS SUBCOMMITTEE -- PEER REVIEWERS -- Motor Vehicle Emissions: A Strategy for Quantifying Risk -- AUTOMOTIVE EMISSIONS: A BRIEF PERSPECTIVE -- UNDERSTANDING THE COMPONENTS OF RISK -- Chemical and Physical Properties of Pollutants -- Pollutant Exposure and Dose to Biological Tissues -- Biological Responses to Pollutants -- Sensitive Individuals -- RESEARCH APPROACHES -- Epidemiology -- Experimental Methods -- Mathematical Models -- Physical Models -- PURSUING QUANTITATIVE TOXICOLOGY: A STRATEGY FOR RESEARCH -- Highlights of the Authors' Recommendations -- Criteria for Prioritization -- A Proposed Research Strategy -- Summary -- CONCLUSION -- References -- Part II: Exposure Analysis -- Automotive Emissions -- POLLUTION FROM AUTOMOBILES-PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS -- Emissions Standards and Control Approaches -- Fuel Economy -- In-Use Passenger Car Emissions -- EMISSIONS REGULATIONS -- Emission Test Procedures -- Emission Standards -- U.S. Fuel Economy Standards -- VEHICLE AND EMISSION CONTROL SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY.

Spark-Ignition Gasoline-Powered Vehicles -- Diesel-Powered Passenger Cars: Particulate Control -- Diesel-Powered Heavy-Duty Vehicles -- IN-USE VEHICLE AND ENGINE CHARACTERISTICS -- Gasoline-Powered Passenger Cars and Trucks -- Diesel-Powered Passenger Cars -- Diesel-Powered Trucks -- MODELS FOR PREDICTING FUTURE EMISSIONS -- FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES -- Trends in Gasoline Fuel Properties -- Fuel Usage Trends -- Methanol-Fueled Vehicles -- Trends in Diesel Fuel Properties -- Refueling Emissions -- Additives -- METHODS FOR MEASURING THE UNREGULATED POLLUTANTS* -- Sampling -- Analytical Methods -- CURRENT REGULATED AND UNREGULATED EMISSIONS -- Regulated Emissions -- Unregulated Emissions -- SUMMARY OF RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- References -- Atmospheric Transport and Dispersion of Air Pollutants Associated with Vehicular Emissions -- DEFINITIONS OF TRANSPORT AND DISPERSION -- Meteorological Parameters -- Scales of Motion -- TRANSPORT AND DISPERSION: THEORY AND APPLICATIONS -- Near Field -- Urban-Scale Transport and Dispersion -- Regional-Scale Transport -- SUMMARY -- SUMMARY OF RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS -- References -- Atmospheric Transformations of Automotive Emissions -- COMPONENTS OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION -- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATIONS UNDER ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS -- Physical Removal Processes -- Chemical Removal Processes -- ATMOSPHERIC LIFETIMES, FATES, AND PRODUCTS OF THE ATMOSPHERIC TRANSFORMATIONS OF AUTOMOTIVE EMISSIONS -- Atmospheric Lifetimes -- Atmospheric Transformations -- Analytical Techniques -- SUMMARY -- SUMMARY OF RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS -- References -- Ambient Levels of Anthropogenic Emissions and Their Atmospheric Transformation Products -- CONCENTRATIONS OF ATMOSPHERIC TRACE CONSTITUENTS -- Temporal and Spatial Patterns of Primary Gases -- Selected Particle Constituents.

Photochemical Products and Unregulated Emittants -- INDOOR CONCENTRATIONS -- Principal Trace Gases -- Minor Emittants and Products -- EMITTANTS WITH POTENTIAL GLOBAL INFLUENCE -- Carbon Dioxide -- Carbon Monoxide -- Methane -- SUMMARY -- Data Adequacy -- Trends -- Concentrations -- SUMMARY OF RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- References -- Mathematical Modeling of the Effect of Emission Sources on Atmospheric Pollutant Concentrations -- DEVELOPMENT OF AIR QUALITY MODELS -- Components of Exposure -- Source/Receptor Relationships -- Historical Perspective -- EMISSION SOURCE CHARACTERISTICS -- CATEGORIES OF AIR QUALITY MODELS -- Empirical/Statistical Models -- Deterministic Models -- Temporal and Spatial Resolution of Empirical and Analytical Models -- MODELING APPROACHES FOR INDIVIDUAL PROCESSES -- Turbulent Transport and Diffusion -- Complex Terrain: Street Canyons -- Removal Processes -- Representation of Atmospheric Chemistry Through Chemical Mechanisms -- Aerosol Dynamics -- MODEL EVALUATION -- Approaches for Testing Model Performance -- Data Requirements -- Analysis of Model Performance -- APPLICATION OF AIR QUALITY MODELS -- Population Exposure Calculations -- Source Apportionment and Control Strategies -- Future Uses -- SPECIAL TOPICS AND EMERGING ISSUES IN AIR QUALITY MODELING -- Modeling Large-Scale Processes -- Modeling Small-Scale Processes -- Indoor/Outdoor Pollutant Relationships -- CONCLUSION -- SUMMARY OF RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- References -- Assessment of Human Exposure to Air Pollution: Methods, Measurements, and Models -- HUMAN EXPOSURE: INTRODUCTION -- DEFINITIONS -- Concentration, Exposure, and Dose -- Components of Exposure -- Types of Exposure Information -- Individual Exposure Versus Population Exposure -- METHODS -- Air Monitoring -- Biological Monitoring -- Research Recommendations.

MEASUREMENTS -- Air Monitoring -- Research Recommendation -- Biological Monitoring -- Research Recommendation -- MODELING HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION -- Statistical Modeling -- Physical Modeling -- Physical-Stochastic Modeling -- Source Apportionment -- Validation and Generalization -- Research Recommendation -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- SUMMARY OF RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- References -- Biological Disposition of Airborne Particles: Basic Principles and Application to Vehicular Emissions -- STRUCTURE OF THE RESPIRATORY TRACT -- Upper Respiratory Tract -- Tracheobronchial Tree -- Pulmonary Region -- Research Recommendations -- VENTILATION -- Ventilatory Parameters -- Comparative Aspects of Ventilation -- Airflow Patterns -- Research Recommendations -- DEPOSITION OF INHALED PARTICLES IN THE RESPIRATORY TRACT -- Deposition Mechanisms and Controlling Factors -- Measurement of Deposition -- Factors Modifying Deposition -- Localized Patterns of Deposition -- Mathematical Modeling -- Research Recommendations -- RETENTION OF DEPOSITED PARTICLES -- Clearance Mechanisms: Basic Structure and Function -- Clearance Kinetics -- Factors Modifying Clearance -- Research Recommendations -- DISPOSITION OF VEHICULAR PARTICULATE EMISSIONS -- Diesel Exhaust Particles -- Metals -- Sulfates -- Research Recommendations -- SUMMARY -- SUMMARY OF RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS: DISCUSSION -- SUMMARY OF RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS: PRIORITIES -- References -- Biological Disposition of Vehicular Airborne Emissions: Particle-Associated Organic Constituents -- SIGNIFICANCE OF CARRIER PARTICLES -- CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTICLE-ASSOCIATED AIR POLLUTANTS -- INHALATION OF AIRBORNE PARTICLES -- Disposition of Inhaled Particle-Associated Organic Compounds -- Bio availability of Particle-Associated Organic Compounds -- TOXICITY OF INHALED ORGANIC COMPOUNDS.

Varieties of Toxic Responses -- Metabolism of Chemical Carcinogens -- Effects on the Immune System -- SUMMARY -- SUMMARY OF RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- References -- Transport and Uptake of Inhaled Gases -- IMPLICATIONS OF LUNG ANATOMY -- Upper Airways -- Conducting Airways -- Respiratory Zone -- Nonuniformities in Ventilation and Perfusion -- FUNDAMENTALS OF MASS TRANSPORT -- Thermodynamic Equilibria -- Diffusion and Reaction Rates -- Individual Mass Transfer Coefficients -- Overall Mass Transfer Coefficients -- Longitudinal Gas Transport -- MATHEMATICAL MODELS -- Compartment Models -- Distributed-Parameter Upper Airway Models -- Distributed-Parameter Lower Airway Models -- EXPERIMENTS -- In Vitro Methods -- In Vivo Animal Experiments -- In Vivo Human Subject Studies -- SUMMARY -- SUMMARY OF RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- References -- Dosimetry Modeling of Inhaled Toxic Reactive Gases -- APPLICATIONS OF DOSIMETRY MODELING -- ANATOMICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL, AND CHEMICAL CONSIDERATIONS -- Anatomical Models -- Liquid Lining of the Respiratory Tract -- Lung Tissue and Blood -- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL FACTORS AFFECTING ABSORPTION OF REACTIVE GASES -- Solubility -- Molecular Diffusion -- Convection in Respiratory Tract Fluids -- Chemical Reactions -- DOSIMETRY MODELING -- Upper Respiratory Tract and Total Respiratory Tract Models -- Lower Respiratory Tract Models -- Influence of Anatomical and Physiological Factors -- Influence of Physicochemical Factors -- Importance of Experimental Data -- SUMMARY -- SUMMARY OF RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS -- References -- Part III: Biological Effects -- Epidemiologic Studies of Effects of Oxidant Exposure on Human Populations -- ROLE OF EPIDEMIOLOGY IN AIR POLLUTION RESEARCH -- PRIOR AND ONGOING STUDIES-DESIGNS, FINDINGS, AND PROBLEMS -- Cross-Sectional Studies of Pulmonary Function and Symptoms.

Prospective Cohort Studies.