Urban Change and Poverty -- Copyright -- PREFACE -- Contents -- PART I COMMITTEE REPORT -- Overview -- SUMMARY FINDINGS -- Well-Being and Poverty -- Urban Economies -- Urban Finance -- Urban Governance -- Infrastructure -- SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS -- Urban Economies: Long-Term Transformation and Regional Disparities -- Urban Finances: Healthier Than in the Recent Past -- Urban Poverty: Growing More Concentrated -- Well-Being and Poverty -- ECONOMIC STATUS -- CENTRAL-CITY POVERTY -- CHANGES IN FAMILY STRUCTURE -- Feminization of Poverty -- Growth of Female-Headed Families -- THE URBAN UNDERCLASS -- SUMMARY -- Urban Economic Trends -- URBAN GROWTH -- THE LARGEST CITIES -- COMPARISONS AMONG METROPOLITAN COUNTIES -- SUMMARY -- Urban Fiscal Conditions -- RECENT FISCAL TRENDS -- SUMMARY -- Trends in Urban Governance -- Urban Infrastructure -- NATIONAL EXPENDITURE TRENDS -- INFRASTRUCTURE CONDITION -- TAX-EXEMPT BOND MARKETS -- SUMMARY -- Policy Implications -- URBAN POVERTY -- REGIONAL DECLINE -- URBAN CAPITAL INVESTMENT -- REFERENCES -- Appendix A: Regional Classifications -- Appendix B: Workshop Participants -- PART II BACKGROUND PAPERS -- Income, Opportunities, and Quality of Life of Urban Residents -- CITIES AND ECONOMIC WELL-BEING -- TRADITIONAL MEASURES OF WELL-BEING -- Large Metropolitan Areas -- Central-City, Suburban, Small Metropolitan, and Rural Areas -- Residential Area, Family, and Race -- Residential Area, Age, Earnings, and Transfers -- EARNINGS DETERMINATION -- Framework -- Empirical Model and Results -- QUALITY-OF-LIFE COMPARISONS -- Economic Status and Quality Of Life -- Labor Markets, Housing Markets, and Quality Of Life -- Quality of Life In Metropolitan Areas -- CONCLUSIONS -- References -- Family Structure, Poverty, and the Underclass -- INTRODUCTION AND CONCLUSIONS -- PREVALENCE, GROWTH, AND CAUSES OF MOTHER-ONLY FAMILIES.

Increases in Welfare Benefits -- Changes in Women's Employment -- Changes in Men's Employment -- THE FEMINIZATION OF POVERTY -- Low Earnings of Single Mothers -- Inadequate Child Support -- Low Welfare Payments -- THE UNDERCLASS -- Defining the Underclass -- Weak Attachment to the Labor Force -- Persistence and Social Isolation -- Are Female-Headed Families Part of the Underclass? -- Persistent, Weak Attachment to the Labor Force -- Intergenerational Dependence -- Ghettoization -- RECENT PUBLIC POLICIES REGARDING FAMILIES HEADED BY SINGLE WOMEN -- Reduction in Benefits -- Work Requirements -- Child Support -- References -- Jobs, Migration, and Emerging Urban Mismatches -- COMPETITIVE EFFECTS AND REGIONAL GROWTH -- TRANSFORMING URBAN ECONOMIES -- WIDENING DEMOGRAPHIC-EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY MISMATCHES IN CITIES -- CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY ISSUES -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- Refferences -- Local Area Economic Growth Patterns: A Comparison Of The 1980s And Previous Decades -- MSA/NON-MSA GROWTH PATTERNS -- Industrial Bases of Area Growth -- Non-Msa Areas -- Msa Areas -- MAJOR METROPOLITAN AREA PATTERNS -- FURTHER AREA DISAGGREGATION -- Summary Growth Patterns -- Sources of Total Personal Income -- SUMMARY REVIEW AND POLICY OUTLOOK -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- References -- Fiscal Conditions in Large American Cities, 1971-1984 -- BACKGROUND -- MEASURING URBAN FISCAL CONDITIONS -- The Local View -- The National View -- Developing Alternative Measures of Fiscal Condition -- Sources of Information -- Presentation of Financial Information -- New Approaches to Measuring Fiscal Condition -- RESULTS OF THE ANALYSIS -- General Fund Results of Operation -- General Fund Balance-Sheet Condition -- A Broader View of the 1980s -- Operating Results -- Liquidity -- Effects of Changes in Federal Aid -- Capital Spending -- Categorizing the Cities by Financial Condition -- CONCLUSIONS.

References -- State Fiscal Conditions -- MEASURES OF STATE FISCAL CONDITIONS -- STATE FISCAL CONDITIONS IN RECENT YEARS -- Economic Trends -- Tax Policies -- Federal Aid -- STATE AND TO LOCAL GOVERNMENTS -- OUTLOOK FOR STATE FISCAL CONDITIONS -- References -- Urban Infrastructure: Problems and Solutions -- WHAT IS INFRASTRUCTURE, AND WHY IS IT IMPORTANT? -- Why Is It Infrastructure? -- Why Is It Public? -- Infrastructure's Role in Fostering Economic Growth and Employment -- Functional View of Infrastructure -- Caveats About Economic Growth -- DIFFERENT PUBLIC ROLES -- Public Versus Private -- State and Local Versus Federal -- Current Roles -- Development Stages -- Regulations -- The Development of Current Public Roles -- Historical Background -- Highways -- Water Supply -- Wastewater Treatment -- Mass Transit -- Aviation -- INFRASTRUCTURE PROBLEMS -- Recent Financial Trends -- Spending by Purpose -- Spending by Level of Government -- DETAILED SPENDING TRENDS BY PURPOSE -- Highways -- Mass Transit -- Wastewater Treatment -- Water Supply -- Airports -- Solid Waste -- THE AGING OF INFRASTRUCTURE -- STATE AND LOCAL SOURCES OF PUBLIC WORKS FINANCE -- Intergovernmental Aid -- Trends in the Issuance of State and Local Debt -- Trends in the Use of Own-Source Funds to Finance Public Works -- Aggregate State and Local Own-Source Revenues -- Trends by Source -- ALTERNATIVE MODELS FOR INFRASTRUCTURE SOLUTIONS -- Engineering-Based Model -- Private Investment Model -- Capital Management Model -- SOLUTIONS -- Managing Demand: Low-Capital Solutions -- Better Incentives -- The Shifting of Current Roles -- Better Information and Techniques -- References -- Urban Governance: the New Politics of Entrepreneurship -- CONTINUITIES IN POLICY THEORIES AND PRACTICES -- CHANGES IN THEORIES AND CONSTRAINTS -- PROCESSES OF MOBILIZATION, INCORPORATION AND LEADERSHIP.

Increases in the Number of Black and Hispanic Elected Officials -- Increases in the Number of Female Elected Officials -- Changes in Urban Political Structures -- PUBLIC ENTREPRENEURSHIP AS AN ALTERNATIVE POLICY THEORY -- CHALLENGES OF PUBLIC ENTREPRENEURSHIP -- References -- INDEX.