Biologic Markers of Air-Pollution Stress and Damage in Forests -- Copyright -- PREFACE -- Contents -- PART I THE COMMITTEE'S REPORT -- Executive Summary -- CONCLUSIONS -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- Biologic Markers of Air-Pollution Stress and Damage in Forests -- Introduction -- Using Markers in Combination -- The Workshop -- INTRODUCTORY PAPERS -- REGIONAL APPLICATIONS OF BIOLOGIC MARKERS -- PHYSIOLOGIC, MORPHOLOGIC, AND ECOLOGIC MARKERS -- BIOCHEMICAL, CELLULAR, AND TISSUE-LEVEL MARKERS -- Establishing Cause-and-Effect Relationships -- Using Markers in Surveys and Experimental Studies -- SURVEYS OF STRESS AND DAMAGE -- CONTROLLED-EXPOSURE STUDIES -- EXPERIMENTS TO DETERMINE MECHANISM -- DEVELOPING A DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH -- A Strategy for Using Biologic Markers of Stress in Forests -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- CONCLUSIONS -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- PART II THE WORKSHOP PAPERS INTRODUCTORY SESSION -- Air Pollutant Distribution and Trends -- INTRODUCTION -- MAN-MADE SOX AND NOX EMISSION PATTERN AND TRENDS -- WET DEPOSITION DATA FOR SULFATE, NITRATE, AND AMMONIA -- Sulfate -- Nitrate -- Ammonia -- AIRBORNE OZONE CONCENTRATION -- VISIBILITY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- References -- Contents -- Elevational Gradients/Local Chemistry -- CLOUD EXPOSURE FREQUENCY -- CLOUD CHEMISTRY EXPOSURE -- OZONE -- HYDROGEN PEROXIDE -- CLOUD LIQUID WATER CONTENT -- DISCUSSION -- Large-Scale Monitoring -- RESULTS OF STUDIES IN THE NATIONAL VEGETATION SURVEY -- Dendrochronology -- Mapping and Geographic Information Systems -- Mensuration and Statistics -- Monitoring -- DISCUSSION -- References -- The Use of Biomarkers to Monitor Forest Damage in Europe -- INTRODUCTION -- MONITORING FOREST HEALTH -- THE USE OF BIOMARKERS -- CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS -- SUMMARY -- References -- Bioindicators in Air Pollution Research - Applications and Constraints -- INTRODUCTION.

CLASSIFICATION OF ASSESSMENT METHODS -- CLASSIFICATION OF BIOLOGICAL METHODS -- BIOINDICATORS -- EXAMPLES OF BIOINDICATORS AND THEIR LIMITATIONS: -- CONCLUSIONS -- References -- Biological Markers: New and Emerging Technologies -- INTRODUCTION -- NEED FOR BIOLOGICAL MARKERS -- DESIRED CHARACTERISTICS OF MARKERS -- NEW AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES -- SHORT-LIVED RADIOISOTOPE TECHNOLOGIES -- NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE TECHNOLOGIES -- OTHER EMERGING MARKER TECHNOLOGIES -- DISCUSSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- References -- THE WORKSHOP PAPERS FOREST APPLICATIONS OF BIOLOGIC MARKERS: REGIONAL SESSION -- Decline of Red Spruce in the Northern Appalachians: Determining if Air Pollution is an Important Factor -- INTRODUCTION -- FACTORS RELATED TO THE OCCURRENCE AND SEVERITY OF SPRUCE DECLINE -- THE POSSIBILITY OF AIR POLLUTION INVOLVEMENT -- SUMMARY -- References -- Forest Applications of Biomarkers in Southeastern Forests -- SUMMARY -- References -- Biomarkers for Defining Air Pollution Effects in Western Coniferous Forests -- INTRODUCTION -- VISUAL DETECTION AND ESTIMATION OF EFFECTS -- NEEDLE HISTOLOGY -- CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF LEAF TISSUE -- MANIPULATIONS THAT CLARIFY THE RESPONSE OF BIOMARKERS -- SUMMARY -- References -- Symptoms as Bioindicators of Decline in European Forests -- INTRODUCTION -- THE IMPORTANCE OF SYMPTOMS AS BIOINDICATORS OF STRESS -- DISCUSSION AND GENERAL CONCLUSIONS -- References -- THE WORKSHOP PAPERS TREE-STAND/ECOSYSTEM SESSION -- Resource Allocation in Trees and Ecosystems -- INTRODUCTION -- PHOTOSYNTHESIS/BRANCH PRODUCTION -- PHLOEM/SAPWOOD AREA -- LEAF AREA/BOLE MAINTENANCE -- LEAF/LITTER PRODUCTION -- BARK BEETLE ATTACKS/ GROWTH EFFICIENCY -- CONCLUSION -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- References -- Markers of Air Pollution in Forests: Nutrient Cycling -- INTRODUCTION -- DEPOSITION AND CANOPY INTERACTIONS.

DECOMPOSITION, NUTRIENT MINERALIZATION, AND NITRIFICATION -- SOIL LEACHING AND NUTRIENT EXPORT -- CHANGES IN SOILS -- CHANGES IN STREAMS -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- References -- Human Perturbation of C, N, and S Biogeochemical Cycles: Historical Studies With Stable Isotopes -- INTRODUCTION -- THEORY -- EXAMPLES FROM 13C STUDIES -- TERMINOLOGY -- SIGNAL-TO-NOISE -- NITROGEN ISOTOPES -- SULFUR ISOTOPES -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- References -- Tree-Ring Analysis as an Aid to Evaluating the Effects of Air Pollution on Tree Growth -- INTRODUCTION -- TREE RINGS AS A POTENTIAL INDICATION OF POLLUTION STRESS IN TREES -- TESTING FOR ANOMALOUS DECLINES IN RING WIDTHS -- TESTING FOR CHANGES IN TREE RINGS THAT CANNOT BE EXPLAINED BY CLIMATE -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- References -- Evaluation of Root Growth and Functioning of Trees Exposed to Air Pollutants -- ROOT PRODUCTION AND TURNOVER -- ROOT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT -- ROOT FUNCTIONING: WATER UPTAKE -- ROOT FUNCTIONING: NUTRIENT UPTAKE -- CONCLUSIONS -- SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- The Use of Remote Sensing for the Study of Air Pollution Effects in Forests -- INTRODUCTION -- CHANGE DETECTION STUDIES -- SPATIAL STUDIES -- FLUORESCENCE LINE IMAGER STUDIES -- SUMMARY -- References -- Indigenous and Cultivated Plants as Bioindicators -- INTRODUCTION -- GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS -- Selection of Plant Materials -- Indicator Species -- Kinds of Symptoms -- Field Monitoring Systems -- References -- Experiments and Observations on Epiphytic Lichens as Early Warning Sentinels of Forest Decline -- INTRODUCTION -- METHODOLOGY -- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- References -- Fungal and Bacterial Symbioses as Potential Biological Markers of Effects of Atmospheric Deposition on Forest H ... -- MYCORRHIZAE -- Endomycorrhizae -- Ectomycorrhizae.

Factors Affecting Mycorrhizal Development -- Actinorhizae -- ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF TREE SYMBIOSES -- Fungal Succession and Forest Development -- Ectomycorrhizae and Net Primary Production -- ECTOMYCORRHIZAE AND ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION -- BETTER METHODS ARE NEEDED TO STUDY SYMBIOSES -- CONCLUSION -- SUMMARY -- References -- Microbial and Rhizosphere Markers of Air Pollution Induced Stress -- INTRODUCTION -- RHIZOSPHERE STRUCTURE AND MAINTENANCE -- RHIZOSPHERE FUNCTIONS -- EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES -- AIR POLLUTION EFFECTS -- SUMMARY -- References -- THE WORKSHOP PAPERS BIOCHEMICAL/CELL-TISSUE SESSION -- Foliar Nitrate Reductase: a Marker for Assimilation of Atmospheric Nitrogen Oxides -- THE NITROGEN HYPOTHESIS OF FOREST DECLINE -- A BIOLOGICAL MARKER FOR EVALUATION OF NITROGEN HYPOTHESIS -- CHARACTERISTICS OF NITRATE REDUCTASE -- EXPERIMENTAL USE OF NITRATE REDUCTASE AS A MARKER -- EVALUATION OF NITRATE REDUCTASE AS A MARKER IN THE FIELD -- SUMMARY -- References -- Free-Radical Mediated Processes As Markers of Air Pollution Stress in Trees -- INTRODUCTION -- MATERIALS AND METHODS -- Plant Material and Treatments: -- Harvests and Physiological Measurements: -- Biochemical Measurements: -- REVIEW, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- References -- Biochemical Indicators of Air Pollution Effects in Trees: Unambiguous Signals Based on Secondary Metbolites an... -- INTRODUCTION -- COMPONENTS OF A PREDICTIVE MODEL -- Distinguishing Stress from Damage -- Whole Plant Partitioning of Resources in Response to Stress -- Allocation of Resources within Tissues -- Stress-Induced Changes in the Form of Nitrogen -- Plant Determinants of the Magnitude and Rate of Stress Responses -- Plant Responses to Damage -- PREDICTING STRESS AND DAMAGE RESPONSES IN FAST-GROWING TREE SPECIES -- The Model -- A PRELIMINARY TEST OF THE PREDICTIVE MODEL.

CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- References -- Metals in Roots, Stem, and Foliage of Forest Trees -- References -- The Potential of Trees to Record Aluminum Mobilization and Changes in Alkaline Earth Availability -- BACKGROUND -- The Stem as a Recorder of Changes in Cation Availability -- Aluminum:Calcium Ratios in Red Spruce and Eastern Hemlock in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- References -- Carbon Allocation Processes as Indicators of Pollutant Impacts on Forest Trees -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- References -- Photosynthesis and Transpiration Measurements as Biomarkers of Air Pollution Effects on Forests -- INTRODUCTION -- LINKS BETWEEN PHOTOSYNTHESIS, STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE, AND GROWTH -- EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS ON PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND STOMATAL FUNCTION -- CALCULATIONS OF AIR POLLUTION ABSORPTION -- MEASUREMENTS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND CONDUCTANCE -- PROBLEMS USING PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND CONDUCTANCE AS AIR POLLUTION MARKERS -- SUMMARY -- References -- Nutrient-Use Efficiency as an Indicator of Stress Effects in Forest Trees -- EXAMPLES OF NUTRIENT-USE EFFICIENCY -- NUE DURING THE ANNUAL CYCLE -- CARBON-NUTRIENT RELATIONSHIPS -- CARBON AND NUTRIENT STORAGE -- CHANGES IN CARBON-NUTRIENT RELATIONSHIPS WITH STAND AGE -- COMMENTS -- SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- References -- Leaf Cuticles as Potential Markers of Air Pollutant Exposure in Trees -- THE CUTICLE AS A BARRIER -- CUTICLE STRUCTURE -- EPICUTICULAR WAX: AN INDICATOR OF POLLUTANT EXPOSURE? -- MOVEMENT THROUGH CUTICLES -- PERMEABILITY OF CUTICLES -- References -- Air Pollutant-Low Temperature Interactions In Trees -- SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION: METABOLIC "THRESHOLDS" FOR STRESS -- References -- Alteration of Chlorophyll in Plants Upon Air Pollutant Exposure -- CHLOROPHYLL CONTENT -- CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE -- CONCLUSION -- References.

Co-Occurring Stress: Drought.