Contaminated Marine Sediments -- Assessment and Remediation -- Copyright -- PREFACE -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- Contents -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- EXTENT OF CONTAMINATION -- Findings -- Recommendations -- Search for Contaminated Sites -- Utilization of Federal, Regional, and Local Expertise -- Coordination of Efforts -- CLASSIFICATION METHODOLOGIES -- Findings -- Recommendations -- Improved Methodologies -- Tiered Testing -- RISKS TO HUMAN HEALTH AND THE ECOSYSTEM -- Findings -- Recommendations -- Assessment of Risk Due to Contamination -- MOBILIZATION AND RESUSPENSION OF CONTAMINANTS -- Findings -- Recommendations -- Contaminant Transport and Partitioning -- Research in Sediment Transport -- Tiered Response Strategy -- CONTAMINATED SEDIMENT MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES -- Findings -- Recommendations -- Dredged Material Management Strategy -- No Action -- REMEDIAL TECHNOLOGIES -- Findings -- Recommendations -- Source Control -- Technology and Information Transfer -- Remediation and Navigational Dredging -- Remedial Technologies -- Use of Capping -- Well-Focused Monitoring -- REMEDIATION AND SOURCE CONTROL: ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS -- Findings -- Recommendations -- Use of Benefit-Cost Comparisons -- Cost-Effectiveness Analysis -- Degree of Remediation -- Economic and Environmental Considerations -- Infeasible Remedial Options -- WORKSHOP SUMMARIES -- WORK GROUP I EXTENT, CLASSIFICATION, AND SIGNIFICANCE OF CONTAMINATION -- Extent of Contamination -- Classification of Contamination -- Significance of Contamination -- Resuspension of Sediments -- WORK GROUP II ASSESSMENT AND SELECTION OF REMEDIAL TECHNOLOGIES -- Selection of Remedial Alternatives -- Developments in Equipment for Removal of Contaminated Sediments -- Available Disposal Alternatives -- Economic Considerations -- International Joint Commission Areas of Concern.

CASE STUDIES -- EXTENT OF CONTAMINATION -- NATIONAL PERSPECTIVE ON SEDIMENT QUALITY -- Abstract -- Sediment Quality Assessment and Regulation -- The Data Base -- Freshwater Data -- Marine/Estuarine Data -- Observations and Conclusions -- Fresh Water -- Marine/Estuarine Waters -- Acknowledgment -- NATIONAL STATUS AND TRENDS PROGRAM FOR MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ASPECTS DEALING WITH CONTAMINATION IN SEDIMENTS -- Abstract -- Introduction -- National Status and Trends Monitoring of Sediment Properties -- Site Locations -- Field and Analytical Methods -- Results -- References -- CLASSIFICATION OF CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS -- USE OF THE APPARENT EFFECTS THRESHOLD APPROACH (AET) IN CLASSIFYING CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Description of AET Approach -- Interpretation of AET -- Generation of Puget Sound AET -- Results of Validation Tests -- Measures of Reliability -- Test of AET Predictions -- Application of AET to Sediment Management in Puget Sound -- Conclusions and Research Recommendations -- References -- THE USE OF THE SEDIMENT QUALITY TRIAD IN CLASSIFICATION OF SEDIMENT CONTAMINATION -- Abstract -- Description of the Methodology -- Effectiveness and Relevance of The Methodology -- Field Validation of the Methodology -- Required Expertise and Costs -- Case Studies -- San Francisco Bay -- Puget Sound -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- A REVIEW OF THE DATA SUPPORTING THE EQUILIBRIUM PARTITIONING APPROACH TO ESTABLISHING SEDIMENT QUALITY CRITERIA -- Bioavailability and Pore Water Concentration -- Partitioning of Chemicals -- Organic Carbon Normalization -- Equilibrium Partitioning Approach to Sediment Criteria -- Theoretical Speculations -- Sediment Quality Criteria for Metals -- Application to Marine Sediments -- Acknowledgments -- References -- MARINE SEDIMENT TOXICITY TESTS -- Abstract -- Introduction.

Sediment Toxicity Tests-a Summary Review -- Effectiveness of Sediment Toxicity Tests -- Applications of Sediment Toxicity Tests -- Conclusions and Research Recommendations -- Acknowledgments -- References -- SIGNIFICANCE OF CONTAMINATION -- EFFECTS OF CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS ON MARINE BENTHIC BIOTA AND COMMUNITIES -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Extent of Contamination -- Sediments -- Tissues -- Significance of Contamination to The Benthos Background -- Individual Responses -- Biochemical -- Genetic -- Pathologies -- Physiology -- Behavior -- Growth and Reproduction -- Survival -- Population and Community Level Responses -- The Successional Paradigm -- Population and Community Responses to Contamination -- Implications of Changes in Community Structure -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Acknowledgments -- References -- SEDIMENT CONTAMINATION AND MARINE ECOSYSTEMS: POTENTIAL RISKS TO HUMAN HEALTH -- Abstract -- Transfer of Toxic Chemicals to Human Populations -- The Human Health Implications -- Filling the Gaps in Knowledge -- References -- MOBILIZATION AND RESUSPENSION -- PREDICTING THE DISPERSION AND FATE OF CONTAMINATED MARINE SEDIMENTS -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Sediment Dispersion Processes -- Advection -- Turbulent Mixing -- Flocculation and Settling -- Erosion/Resuspension and Deposition -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Acknowledgements -- References -- COMPUTER SIMULATION OF DDT DISTRIBUTION IN PALOS VERDES SHELF SEDIMENTS -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methods -- Deposition Model (Order 1) -- Mixing Model (Order 2) -- Sediment Quality Projection -- Results -- Deposition Model -- Mixing Model -- Model Predictions -- Discussion -- Sensitivity -- Insight and Limitations -- Extensions -- Summary and Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Appendix Modeling Approach for Sedimentation and Sedimentation/Mixing Models -- Notation.

ASSESSMENT AND SELECTION OF REMEDIAL TECHNOLOGIES -- MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR DISPOSAL OF CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS -- Abstract -- Background -- Scope -- Management Strategy -- Potential Problems and Testing Protocols -- Water Column -- Benthic -- Effluent Quality -- Surface Runoff Quality -- Leachate Quality -- Plant Uptake -- Animal Uptake -- Other Impacts -- Selection of a Disposal Alternative -- Open-Water Disposal -- Confined Disposal -- Open-Water Disposal With Restrictions -- Submerged Discharge -- Subaqueous Confinement -- Capping -- Chemical/Physical/Biological Treatment -- Confined Disposal With Restrictions -- Site Selection And Design -- Effluent Controls -- Runoff Controls -- Leachate Controls -- Control of Contaminant Uptake -- Other Controls -- Decision-Making Framework -- Responsibility for Local Authority Decisions -- Evaluation of Respective Contaminant Pathways -- Implementation -- Coe Policy -- Applications -- Refinement -- References -- ALTERNATIVES FOR CONTROL/TREATMENT OF CONTAMINATED DREDGED MATERIAL -- Abstract -- Background -- Contaminant Control During Dredging Operations -- Dredge Selection -- Equipment and Operational Controls -- Hopper Dredge Operation -- Cutterhead and Suction Dredge Operation -- Dust Pan Dredges -- Special Purpose Dredges -- Clamshell Bucket Dredge Operations -- Additional Control Techniques -- Contaminant Control During Transport -- Controls for Pipeline Transport -- Controls for Scow/Barge Transport -- Controls for Truck/Rail Transport -- Contaminant Control During Upland/Nearshore Disposal Operations -- Site Control Strategies -- Site Selection -- Covers -- Surface-Water Controls -- Groundwater Controls -- Liners -- Groundwater Recovery -- Leachate Collection -- Dewatering -- Site Security -- Treatment of Dredged Material Slurries -- Solids Separation and Classification Processes.

Solidification/Stabilization -- Thermal Destruction Processes -- Treatment of Dredged Material Solids -- Treatment of Site Waters -- Reuse of Contaminated Dredged Material -- Contaminant Control/Treatment for Restricted Open-Water Disposal -- Site Characteristics as a Control Technology -- Engineered Control Technologies -- Submerged Discharge -- Lateral Confinement at The Site -- Capping -- Dredged Material Treatment and Open-Water Disposal -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- DEVELOPMENTS IN EQUIPMENT DESIGNED FOR HANDLING CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Mechanical Dredges -- Enclosed Clamshell -- Mechanical Hydraulic Dredges -- Mud Cat -- Remotely Controlled Mud Cat -- Clean-Up System -- Hydraulic Suction Dredges -- Refresher -- General Specifications -- Waterless Dredge -- Matchbox Dredge -- Wide Sweeper Cutterless Dredge -- Pneumatic Dredges -- Pneuma Pump -- Oozer Dredge -- Resuspension Levels of Sediment for Special Purpose Dredges -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- MONITORING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CAPPING FOR ISOLATING CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS -- Abstract -- Introduction -- History of Capping Operations -- Damos Monitoring Program -- Recent Capping Observations -- Experimental Mud Dump Site (EMD) -- Foul Area Disposal Site (FADS) -- Summary -- References -- List of Damos Contributions Submitted To New England Division U.S. Army Corps Of Engineers -- REMEDIAL TECHNOLOGIES USED AT INTERNATIONAL JOINT COMMISSION AREAS OF CONCERN -- Abstract -- Background -- Remedial Options -- Commonly Used Techniques -- Remedial Options Requiring Some Testing and Assessment -- Remedial Options Proposed and Tested on A Limited Scale -- Some Limitations and Remedial Options Requiring More Testing -- Baseline Mapping -- Observations -- Conclusions and Research Recommendations.

ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS OF MANAGING CONTAMINATED MARINE SEDIMENTS.