Hazardous Waste Site Management: Water Quality Issues -- Copyright -- PREFACE -- Contents -- OVERVIEW -- Overview of Papers -- Current Methods -- Views of Impacted Parties -- The Status of the Technical Information Base -- Summary -- ISSUE PAPERS AND PROVOCATEURS' COMMENTS -- 1 Setting Environmental Standards for Hazardous Waste Sites: A Break from the Past or a Continuum? -- 2 Establishing and Meeting Ground Water Protection Goals in the Superfund Program -- APPLICABLE OR RELEVANT AND APPROPRIATE REQUIREMENTS -- DEVELOPMENT OF GROUND WATER ALTERNATIVES -- DECISION ANALYSIS -- FLEXIBLE DECISION PROCESS -- References -- PROVOCATEUR'S COMMENTS -- 3 Some Approaches to Setting Cleanup Goals at Hazardous Waste Sites -- THE EPA SUPERFUND PUBLIC HEALTH EVALUATION MANUAL -- General Concepts -- Critical Toxicity Value -- Estimated Daily Intake -- Derivation of Acceptable Intakes for Subchronic and Chronic Exposure -- Estimation of Daily Intake -- Exposure to Multiple Chemicals by Multiple Routes -- Noncarcinogenic Effects -- Carcinogenic Effects -- Cleanup Criteria -- Site Assessment -- Target Levels -- CALIFORNIA SITE MITIGATION DECISION TREE -- General Concepts -- Derivation of MELs for Humans -- Threshold Substances -- Nonthreshold Substances -- Derivation of AALs -- Cleanup Level Determination -- Single Agent/Single Medium -- Single Agent/Multiple Media -- Multiple Agents with the Same Toxic Action/Multiple Media -- U.S. ARMY APPROACH -- General Concepts -- Derivation of the Acceptable Daily Dose -- Threshold Agents -- Carcinogenic Substances -- Derivation of Single-Pathway Preliminary Pollutant Limit Values -- Derivation of Preliminary Pollutant Limit Values -- Cleanup Level -- NEW JERSEY CLEANUP LEVELS FOR CONTAMINATED SOILS -- General Concepts -- Derivation of ASCLs to Protect Human Health from Contaminants in Ground Water.

Derivation of ASCLs to Protect Human Health from Contaminants in Soil -- Carcinogens -- Noncarcinogens -- Determination of Cleanup Levels -- WASHINGTON STATE FINAL CLEANUP POLICY -- COMPARISON OF THE METHODS -- Terminology -- Environmental Media Addressed -- Environmental Partitioning -- Derivation of Media-Specific Numerical Criteria -- Estimation of Carcinogenic Risks -- Acceptability of Carcinogenic Risks -- Multiple Chemical/Multiple Route Exposures -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- References -- PROVOCATEUR'S COMMENTS -- 4 The California Site Mitigation Decision Tree Process: Solving the ''How Clean Should Clean Be?'' Dilemma -- COMPONENTS OF THE DECISION TREE PROCESS -- Preliminary Site Appraisal -- Site Assessment -- Risk Appraisal -- Environmental Fate and Risk Determination -- Development of a Mitigation Strategy and the Selection of Remedial Action -- APPLYING THE DECISION TREE PROCESS: TWO CASE STUDIES -- Case Study 1: An Arsenic-Contaminated Site -- Step 1: Determine Soil Particle Size Distribution -- Step 2: Estimate Threshold Friction Velocity (Uf) -- Step 3: Determine the Roughness Height (Zo), of the Site Terrain -- Step 4: Determine the Threshold Wind Velocity (Ut) -- Step 5: Estimate the Respirable Particulate Emission Rate -- Step 6: Project Downwind Particulate Concentrations -- Case Study 2: Site with Ground Water Contamination -- Preliminary Site Appraisal -- Site Assessment -- Environmental Fate and Risk Determination -- Development of a Mitigation Strategy and Selection of Remedial Action -- CONCLUSION -- References -- PROVOCATEUR'S COMMENTS -- References -- 5 How Clean is Clean? The Need for Action -- CURRENT LEGAL/REGULATORY FRAMEWORK -- COST VERSUS CLEANUP LEVELS -- Case Study 1 -- Case Study 2 -- TECHNOLOGY CONSIDERATIONS -- BALANCING CLEANUP COSTS VERSUS FUTURE LIABILITIES -- WHO PAYS?.

CONCLUDING REMARKS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- Reference -- PROVOCATEUR'S COMMENTS -- 6 How Clean is Clean? An Environmentalist Perspective -- CLEANUP LEVELS -- POINT OF COMPLIANCE -- CLEANUP TECHNOLOGY -- CONCLUSION -- PROVOCATEUR'S COMMENTS -- 7 Ground Water Contamination Issues in Santa Clara County, California: A Perspective -- BACKGROUND -- REGULATORY AGENCY ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES -- Regional Water Quality Control Board -- California State Department of Health Services -- Environmental Protection Agency -- REMEDIAL ACTION STRATEGIES -- Active Approach -- Passive Approach -- Discussion -- Case Studies -- IBM, San Jose -- Fairchild Camera & Instrument Corporation, San Jose -- California Water Service Company Well, Los Altos -- CLEANUP OBJECTIVES-HOW CLEAN? -- Current Cleanup Policies -- Discussion -- CLEANUP COSTS-WHO IS RESPONSIBLE? -- SUMMARY -- CONCLUSIONS -- Bibliography -- PROVOCATEUR'S COMMENTS -- 8 Using Models to Solve Ground Water Quality Problems -- MODELS FOR PREDICTING MOVEMENT AND FATE AND/OR RANKING RISK OF CHEMICALS IN GROUND WATER -- Quality Control/Quality Assurance for Models -- Concerns of Those Using Water Quality Models -- Role of Ground Water Quality Models in Regulatory or Policy Issues -- Development of Regulations and Policy -- Permitting -- Remedial Action -- Risk Assessment -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- References -- PROVOCATEUR'S COMMENTS -- 9 Estimating Health Risks at Hazardous Waste Sites: Decisions and Choices Despite Uncertainty -- BACKGROUND -- ASSESSMENT OF RISKS TO HUMAN HEALTH -- EXPOSURE CONSIDERATIONS -- ILLUSTRATIONS OF RISK ASSESSMENTS AT HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES -- Manufactured Gas Sites -- The Hyde Park Landfill -- Widespread Ground Water Contamination -- Single-Compound Disposal -- Future Risk to a Major Aquifer -- DISCUSSION -- Data Problems -- Additional Uncertainties -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.

References -- PROVOCATEUR'S COMMENTS -- RAPPORTEURS' REPORTS -- Risk Assessment / Toxicology Workshop -- TOOLS FOR SETTING AMBIENT ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS -- Criteria for Evaluating the Approaches -- Setting Risk Goals -- Strengths and Weaknesses of Risk Assessment and Management -- The Strengths and Weaknesses of Setting Risk Goals -- CONCLUSION -- Hydrogeology Workshop -- METHODS USED IN EXPOSURE ESTIMATION -- STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF THE METHODS -- METHODS' EFFECTIVENESS UNDER DIVERSE CONDITIONS -- ASSOCIATED DATA BASE -- ASSOCIATED UNCERTAINTIES -- IMPORTANT ISSUES -- Engineering Workshop -- DISCUSSION OF POSSIBLE CHANGES IN THE ENGINEERING ROLE -- CONCLUSIONS -- Regulatory Strategies Workshop -- Appendix A Biographical Sketches of Principal Contributors -- Appendix B Colloquium Attendees -- INDEX.