LINGUISTICS AND FORMULAS IN HOMER -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Table of Contents -- PREFACE -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.0 Aims of the investigation -- 1.1 Per in Homer and after -- 1.2 Facts from the data-base -- 1.3 Per in Greek linguistics -- 1.3.1 Emphasis -- 1.3.2 Concession and strengthening -- 133 Fraenkel: "per heisst 'auch"' -- 1.3.4 Etymology and diachrony -- 1.4 Categories and prototypes -- 1.5 Linguistics and formulas in Homer -- NOTESTO CHAPTER 1. -- 2. THE LINGUISTIC BACKGROUND: SCALARITY -- 2.0 Introduction -- 2.1 Scales -- 2.1.1 Scalarity: introductory -- 2.1.2 Superlatives: scalar and attributive -- 2.1.3 The non-referentiality of scalar superlatives -- 2.1.4 Irrealis modality -- 2.2 Scalarity and referentiality -- 2.2.1 Attributive and referential superlatives -- 2.2.2 Intension and extension -- 2.2.3 Scalarity and extensional terms -- 2.3. Focus particles and focus contexts -- 2.3.1 Even as a focus particle -- 2.3.1.1 Conventional implicature and the meaning of even -- 2.3.1.2 Elocution and the use of even -- 2.3.1.3 Focus and scope -- 2.3.1.4 Scope dependence and scope independence -- 2.3.1.5 Scope ambiguity -- 2.3.1.6 Even if: concession and concessive conditionals -- 2.3.2 Types of focus context -- 2.4 Negative and positive polarity -- 2.4.1 Positive polarity items -- 2.4.2 Negative polarity items and scale reversal -- NOTESTO CHAPTER 2. -- 3. SCALARITY AND THE PARTICLE PER -- 3.0 Introduction -- 3.1 Intensional terms -- 3.1.1 Scalar superlatives -- 3.1.2 Scalar superlatives and the etymology of per -- 3.1.3 Epic te and generic modality -- 3.1.4 A remark on diachrony -- 3.2 Extensional terms -- 3.2.1 The intension of focus constituents -- 3.2.2 Superlativeness, comparativeness and the illocution of even -- 3.2.3 The concessive relative clause -- 3.2.4 Scalar expressions and the Homeric narrator.

3.3 Scalarity and comparatives -- 3.4 Negative polar scalarity -- 3.4.1 Declarative sentences -- 3.4.2 Non-assertive contexts and negative polarity -- 3.4.3 Scalar superlatives and negative polarity -- 3.4.4 The strengthening of negation -- 3.5 Scalarity in wishes and commands -- 3.5.1 Imperative and optative sentences -- 3.5.2 Inclusiveness and exclusiveness -- 3.5.3 Scales of desirability and acceptability -- 3.5.4 Per, ge and exclusion -- 3.5.5 The diachronic aspect of per in wishes -- 3.6 Some unclassifiable instances -- NOTES TO CHAPTER 3. -- 4. PARTICIPLES I: LINGUISTICS -- 4.0 Introduction -- 4.1 On participles -- 4.1.1 Kinds of adverbial relation -- 4.1.2 Syntactic independence and modal autonomy -- 4.2 From scalarity to concession -- 4.2.1 The intension of circumstances -- 4.2.2 Diachronic aspects of kai hôs -- 4.2.3 Syntactic intermezzo: correlation and apposition -- 4.3 The concessive participial phrase -- 4.3.1 The prototypical properties of 'participle + per' -- 4.3.2 Loss of superlativeness -- 4.3.3 Dependent participles -- 4.3.4 Modally embedded participles -- 4.4 From linguistics to the formula -- 4.4.1 'Participle + per' and generic modality -- 4.4.2 Kai, mala and strengthening -- NOTES TO CHAPTER 4. -- 5. PARTICIPLES II: FORMULAS AND METRICS -- 5.0 Introduction -- 5.1 On formulas -- 5.1.1 Formular language and ordinary language -- 5.1.2 Formula and metre -- 5.1.3 Types of recurrence -- 5.2 Formulas and form: the localization of formulas -- 5.2.1 The dactylic hexameter -- 5.2.2 The localization of 'participle + per' -- 5.3 Formulas and meaning: the integration of formulas -- 5.3.1 Levels of integration -- 5.3.2 Prototypicality and the semantic integration of formulas -- NOTES TO CHAPTER 5. -- 6. CONCESSIVE CONDITIONALS -- 6.0 Introduction -- 6.1 Concessives, conditionals and concessive conditionals.

6.2 Kinds of concessive conditional -- 6.3 Concessive conditionals in Homer -- 6.3.1 Per in concessive conditionals -- 6.3.1.1 The discourse function of ei per -- 6.3.1.2 Eiper and a fortioriargumentation -- 6.3.1.3 Eiper and factuality -- 6.3.1.4 Scalar terms in the conditional -- 6.3.1.5 Ei per and the semantic integration of formulas -- 6.3.2 Kai in concessive conditionals -- 6.3.2.1 Kai ei: 'even if' -- 6.3.2.2 Kai ei: 'however much' -- 6.3.2.3 Kai ei or ei kai? -- 6.3.3 Ei per and kai ei in a diachronic perspective -- 6.4 Concessive and non-concessive conditionals -- 6.4.1 Two kinds of neutralization -- 6.4.2 The two senses of ei per: 'even if and if really' -- 6.4.3 From concessive to non-concessive eiper -- NOTES TO CHAPTER 6. -- 7. PERIPHERAL INSTANCES -- 7.0 Introduction -- 7.1 Linguistic irregularity in Homer -- 7.1.1 Unclassifiable vs. divergent instances -- 7.1.2 The explanation of peripheral instances in Homer -- 7.2 Semantic integration of formulas again -- 7.2.1 Formular or linguistic irregularity -- 7.3 Divergence: changes in form and meaning -- 7.3.1 Changes in meaning -- 7.3.2 Changes inform -- 7.3.3 From prototype to periphery -- 7.4 Per and inclusive focus particles -- 7.5 At the outer periphery -- 7.6 From Homeric to Attic per -- NOTES TO CHAPTER 7. -- 8. OVERVIEW -- APPENDIX -- REFERENCES -- INDEX OF SUBJECTS -- INDEX OF NAMES.