Film Badge Dosimetry in Atmospheric Nuclear Tests -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- CONCLUSIONS -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- 1 Introduction -- STATEMENT OF TASK -- 2 Basic Principles of Film Badge Dosimetry -- A. HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION -- B. PERSONNEL DOSIMETRY FILMS -- C. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL BASIS OF FILM DOSIMETRY -- D. THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS -- E. DENSITOMETRY -- F. RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS OF FILM -- G. ENERGY DEPENDENCE AND FILM BADGE DESIGN -- H. OTHER SOURCES OF ERROR IN FILM BADGE DOSIMETRY -- I. CALIBRATION AND STANDARDIZATION -- J. NEUTRON DOSIMETRY -- 3 Radiation Source Terms in Atmospheric Testing -- A. INTRODUCTION -- B. INITIAL RADIATION -- C. RESIDUAL RADIATION -- Fallout -- Induced Activity Other Than Fallout -- D. PHOTON FIELDS FROM RESIDUAL RADIOACTIVITY -- Bremsstrahlung -- X Rays -- Gamma Rays -- E. CONCLUSION -- 4 Use of Film Badges in Atmospheric Nuclear Testing -- A. FISSION AND ACTIVATION-PRODUCT MONITORING WITH FILM BADGES -- B. BETA PARTICLE MONITORING -- C. CALIBRATION -- D. FILM BADGE RANGE AND THE PROBLEM OF OVERLAP -- E. EFFECTS OF SOLARIZATION ON FILM BADGE MONITORING -- F. RADIOLOGICAL AND OPERATIONAL EFFECTS -- G. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS IN FIELD USE -- H. FILM BADGE EXPOSURE VERSUS DOSE -- I. TEST SERIES EXPOSURE LIMITS -- 5 Quantification of Personnel Film Badge Uncertainties -- A. DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF MEASURES OF TOTAL UNCERTAINTY -- Evaluating Individual Sources of Uncertainty -- Combining Several Sources of Uncertainty in One Badge Reading -- Special Problems in the Application of Uncertainty Analyses to Film Badge Dosimetry -- Uncertainty in Estimates of Total Dose Based on the Sum of Several Film Badge Readings -- B. CATEGORIES OF UNCERTAINTY -- Laboratory Uncertainties -- Radiological Uncertainties -- Environmental.

C. MINIMUM DETECTABLE LEVEL OF RADIATION EXPOSURE MEASURABLE WITH A FILM BADGE -- D. COMMONALITY AMONG THE TEST SERIES -- E. CONVERSION FROM EXPOSURE TO DEEP-DOSE EQUIVALENT -- 6 Uncertainty Analysis by Individual Test Series -- PROJECT TRINITY -- Background -- Personnel Exposed -- Type of Film Badge -- Badge Issue and Exchange -- Calibrations, Processing, and Interpretation -- Current Availability of Records -- Estimated Bias and Uncertainty -- Application of Bias and Uncertainty -- OPERATION CROSSROADS -- Background -- Personnel Exposed -- Type of Film Badge -- Badge Issue and Exchange -- Calibration, Processing, and Interpretation -- Current Availability of Records -- Estimated Bias and Uncertainty -- Application of Bias and Uncertainty -- OPERATION SANDSTONE -- Background -- Personnel Exposed -- Type of Film Badge -- Badge Issue and Exchange -- Calibration, Processing, and Interpretation -- Current Availability of Records -- Estimated Bias and Uncertainty -- Application of Bias and Uncertainty -- OPERATION RANGER -- Background -- Personnel Exposed -- Type of Film Badge -- Badge Issue and Exchange -- Calibration, Processing, and Interpretation -- Current Availability or Records -- Estimated Bias and Uncertainty -- Application of Bias and Uncertainty -- OPERATION GREENHOUSE -- Background -- Personnel Exposed -- Type of Film Badge -- Badge Issue and Exchange -- Calibration, Processing, and Interpretation -- Current Availability of Records -- Estimated Bias and Uncertainty -- Application of Bias and Uncertainty -- OPERATION BUSTER-JANGLE -- Background -- Personnel Exposed -- Type of Film Badge -- Badge Issue and Exchange -- Calibration, Processing, and Interpretation -- Current Availability of Records -- Estimated Bias and Uncertainty -- Application of Bias and Uncertainty -- OPERATION TUMBLER-SNAPPER -- Background -- Personnel Exposed.

Type of Film Badge -- Badge Issue and Exchange -- Calibration, Processing, and Interpretation -- Current Availability of Records -- Estimated Bias and Uncertainty -- Application of Bias and Uncertainty -- OPERATION IVY -- Background -- Personnel Exposed -- Type of Film Badge -- Badge Issue and Exchange -- Calibrations, Processing, and Interpretation -- Current Availability of Records -- Estimated Bias and Uncertainty -- Application of Bias and Uncertainty -- OPERATION UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE -- Background -- Personnel Exposed -- Type of Film Badge -- Badge Issue and Exchange -- Calibration, Processing, and Interpretation -- Current Availability of Records -- Estimated Bias and Uncertainty -- Application of Bias and Uncertainty -- OPERATION CASTLE -- Background -- Personnel Exposed -- Type of Film Badge -- Badge Issue and Exchange -- Calibration, Processing, and Interpretation -- Current Availability of Records -- Estimated Bias and Uncertainty -- Application of Bias and Uncertainty -- OPERATION TEAPOT -- Background -- Personnel Exposed -- Type of Film Badge -- Badge Issue and Exchange -- Calibration, Processing, and Interpretation -- Current Availability of Records -- Estimated Bias and Uncertainty -- Application of Bias and Uncertainty -- OPERATION WIGWAM -- Background -- Personnel Exposed -- Type of Film Badge -- Badge Issue and Exchange -- Calibration, Processing, and Interpretation -- Current Availability of Records -- Estimated Bias and Uncertainty -- Application of Bias and Uncertainty -- OPERATION REDWING -- Background -- Personnel Exposed -- Type or Film Badge -- Badge Issue and Exchange -- Calibration, Processing, and Interpretation -- Current Availability -- Estimated Bias and Uncertainty -- Application of Bias and Uncertainty -- OPERATION PLUMBBOB -- Background -- Personnel Exposed -- Type of Film Badge -- Badge Issue and Exchange.

Calibration, Processing, and Interpretation -- Current Availability of Records -- Estimated Bias and Uncertainty -- Application of Bias and Uncertainty -- OPERATION HARDTACK I -- Background -- Personnel Exposed -- Type of Film Badge -- Badge Issue and Exchange -- Calibration, Processing, and Interpretation -- Current Availability of Records -- Estimated Bias and Uncertainty -- Application of Bias and Uncertainty -- OPERATION ARGUS -- Background -- Personnel Exposed -- Type of Film Badge -- Badge Issue and Exchange -- Calibration, Processing, and Interpretation -- Current Availability of Records -- Estimated Bias and Uncertainty -- OPERATION HARDTACK II -- Background -- Personnel Exposed -- Type of Film Badge -- Badge Issue and Exchange -- Calibration, Processing, and Interpretation -- Current Availability of Records -- Estimated Bias and Uncertainty -- Application of Bias and Uncertainty -- OPERATION DOMINIC I -- Background -- Personnel Exposed -- Type of Film Badge -- Badge Issue and Exchange -- Calibration, Processing, and Interpretation -- Current Availability of Records -- Estimated Bias and Uncertainty -- Application of Bias and Uncertainty -- OPERATION DOMINIC II -- Background -- Personnel Exposed -- Type of film Badge -- Badge Issue and Exchange -- Calibration, Processing, and interpretation -- Current Availability of Records -- Estimated Bias and Uncertainty -- Application of Bias and Uncertainty -- 7 Conclusions -- A. TRACTABILITY OF THE PROBLEM -- B. GAMMA RADIATION FROM FISSION PRODUCTS AND ACTIVATION PRODUCTS -- C. CAPABILITIES AND LIMITATIONS OF FILM BADGE DOSIMETERS -- D. BIAS AND UNCERTAINTY -- E. METHODOLOGY FOR ASSESSING BIAS AND UNCERTAINTY -- F. MINIMUM DETECTABLE EXPOSURE LEVEL -- G. CONVERSION FROM EXPOSURE TO DEEP-DOSE EQUIVALENT -- 8 Recommendations -- A. REPORTING OF BIAS AND UNCERTAINTY.

B. TREATMENT OF EXPOSURES REPORTED AS BELOW MINIMUM DETECTABLE LEVELS OR AS ZERO -- C. UNCERTAINTIES IN THE SUMMATION OF SEVERAL FILM BADGE READINGS -- References -- Appendix A Organizational Abbreviations -- Appendix B Glossary -- Appendix C Biographical Sketches -- COMMITTEE MEMBERS -- STUDY DIRECTOR -- Index.