Contents -- 1 A Philosophical Position -- 2 The Gene as a Unit of Selection -- 2.1 A general model of selection in the codical domain -- 2.2 Selection at the level of the gene -- 2.3 Kin selection -- 2.4 Effects of inbreeding and asexual reproduction -- 3 Clade Selection and Macroevolution -- 3.1 Requirements for selection among gene pools and clades -- 3.2 Selection of genes vs. selection of gene pools -- 3.3 How important is clade selection? -- 3.4 Characters likely to be important in clade selection -- 4 Levels of Selection Among Interactors -- 4.1 Adaptation as the material effect of response to selection, -- 4.2 Natural selection within organisms -- 4.3 Selection of individuals in populations -- 4.4 Trait-group selection -- 4.5 Selection of populations within species -- 4.6 An aside on beehives and haystacks -- 4.7 Selection among more inclusive phylads -- 4.8 Clade selection and punctuated equilibria -- 4.9 Genealogically mixed interactors -- 5 Optimization and Related Concepts -- 5.1 Frequency-dependent selection -- 5.2 Parameter optimization -- 5.3 Character values and fitness values -- 5.4 Strategies, tactics, and winnings -- 6 Historicity and Constraint -- 6.1 The organism as historical document -- 6.2 Natural selection and phylogenetic constraint -- 6.3 Developmental constraints -- 6.4 Genetic constraints -- 6.5 Unity of type and Bauplan -- 7 Diversity Within and Among Populations -- 7.1 Natural history as the foundation of comparative biology -- 7.2 Causes of variation among individuals -- 7.3 Examples of variation within a population -- 7.4 Cladogenesis -- 7.5 Comparative biology without functionalism -- 7.6 Functional interpretations of phylogenetic divergence -- 8 Some Recent Issues -- 8.1 The lek paradox -- 8.2 The female pheromone fallacy -- 8.3 Schreckstoff -- 8.4 The helpful-stress effect -- 8.5 Species fallacies -- 9 Stasis.

9.1 Taxonomic stasis -- 9.2 A desperation hypothesis -- 9.3 Character stasis -- 9.4 Avian and mammalian body temperature -- 9.5 Electrolyte concentrations of marine vertebrates -- 9.6 Why no viviparous birds or turtles? -- 9.7 Other problems of character stasis -- 10 Other Challenges and Anomalies -- 10.1 Haldane's dilemma -- 10.2 Paradoxes of sexuality -- 10.3 Other difficulties -- References -- Appendix (excerpts for Galen and Paley) -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- X -- Z.