ARCTIC OCEAN RESEARCH AND SUPPORTING FACILITIES: NATIONAL NEEDS AND GOALS -- Copyright -- Contents -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- SCIENTIFIC GOALS AND PRIORITIES IN OCEANIC REGIONS OF THE ARCTIC -- NATIONAL FACILITIES NEEDED TO MEET SCIENTIFIC REQUIREMENTS -- SCIENTIFIC REQUIREMENTS FOR ARCTIC RESEARCH VESSELS -- RESOURCE PROJECTIONS AND REQUIREMENTS -- MANAGEMENT OPTIONS -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- THE ARCTIC -- U.S. INTERESTS IN THE ARCTIC -- BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY -- ORGANIZATION OF REPORT -- 2 SCIENTIFIC OBJECTIVES FOR ARCTIC RESEARCH -- MARINE GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS -- Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology -- The Arctic Mid-ocean Ridge -- Tectonic Evolution of the Amerasia Basin -- Sediment Dynamics on Continental Shelves and Slopes, Cross-Shelf Transport, and Shelf-to-Basin Transport -- Facilities Requirements -- PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY, CLIMATE, AND SEA ICE -- Circulation, Mixing, and Water Mass Transformations -- Surface Energy Balance, Atmospheric Radiation, and Clouds -- Freshwater and Ice Balance -- Facilities Requirements -- CHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHY -- Biogeochemical Cycles -- Water Mass Formation and Circulation -- Pollutants -- Paleoceanography and Paleoclimate -- Facilities Requirements -- BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES -- Origins and Fates of Organic Carbon -- Fish, Birds, and Mammals -- Facilities Requirements -- SUMMARY OF DISCIPLINARY PREFERENCES FOR RESEARCH PLATFORMS -- 3 ARCTIC RESEARCH PLATFORMS -- U.S. ICEBREAKERS -- Experiences of Scientists on Recent Icebreaker Cruises -- SUBMARINES IN THE ARCTIC -- U.S. Nuclear Submarines (SSNs) -- Air-Independent Propulsion -- ALTERNATIVES TO U.S. SHIPS AND SUBMARINES -- Satellites -- Aircraft and Remotely Piloted Vehicles -- Non-U.S. Vessels -- Ice Camps -- Helicopters -- Hovercraft -- Buoys, Drifters, and Arrays -- Remotely Operated Vehicles -- Autonomous Unmanned Vehicles.

4 STRATEGIES TO MEET ARCTIC RESEARCH NEEDS -- UNOLS PLANNING FOR ARCTIC FACILITIES -- PROGRAM COSTS -- STRATEGIES FOR ACQUISITION AND CONFIGURATION OF THE U.S. ICEBREAKER FLEET -- ACTIONS TO IMPROVE THE HEALY'S OPERATION FOR SCIENCE -- 5 FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- SCIENTIFIC GOALS AND PRIORITIES IN OCEANIC REGIONS OF THE ARCTIC -- NATIONAL FACILITIES NEEDED TO MEET SCIENTIFIC REQUIREMENTS -- SCIENTIFIC REQUIREMENTS FOR ARCTIC RESEARCH VESSELS -- RESOURCE PROJECTIONS AND REQUIREMENTS -- MANAGEMENT OPTIONS -- REFERENCES -- APPENDIX A -- APPENDIX B Biographies of Committee Members.