Contents -- Introduction -- ONE: Rethinking Social Movement Theory: Race, Class, Gender, and Culture -- Social Location and Identity -- Reconceptualizing Leadership -- Defining Bridge Leadership -- The Movement Sector: Centralized Power, Primary and Secondary Formal Organizations, and Bridge Organizations -- Social Movement Theories -- Bridge Leaders, Formal Leaders, and the State -- Charismatic Leadership and Emotion -- Social Movement Literature: Emotion and Spontaneity -- Conclusion -- TWO: Exclusion, Empowerment, and Partnership: Race Gender Relations -- Black Women Activists Speak Out: Empowered, Not Oppressed -- Black Women in Support of Male Leadership -- A Glimpse into Black Women's Historic Activism -- Mary McLeod Bethune and the National Association of Colored Women -- Mary McLeod Bethune, the Roosevelt Administration, and A. Philip Randolph -- The Rise of Nonviolent Resistance -- Conclusion -- THREE: Women and the Escalation of the Civil Rights Movement -- Early Resistance to Segregated Transportation -- The Women's Political Council of Montgomery -- The Formation of the Montgomery Improvement Association -- Conclusion -- FOUR: Sustaining the Momentum of the Movement -- Miss Ella Baker and the Origins of the SCLC -- The Movement Gains Momentum -- Conclusion -- FIVE: Sowing the Seeds of Mass Mobilization -- The Roots of Micromobilization -- Connecting Prefigurative Politics to Strategic Politics -- Bridge Leaders, Gender, and the SCLC -- Conclusion -- SIX: Bridging Students to the Movement -- Community Bridge Leaders as Temporary Formal Leaders -- Community Bridge Leaders as Secondary Formal Leaders -- Women, Power, and Titled Positions -- Women Bridge Leaders and Their Heroines -- Conclusion -- SEVEN: Race, Class, and Culture Matter -- Interpersonal Relationships in SNCC -- Race, Class, Gender, and Culture in SNCC.

Dispelling Sexual Myths -- Conclusion -- EIGHT: Bringing the Movement Home to Small Cities and Rural Communities -- Local Women's Activism Despite Minister Opposition -- Indigenous Bridge Leaders: Links Between Community and Organization -- Women and the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party -- Economic and Physical Reprisals -- Conclusion -- NINE: Cooperation and Conflict in the Civil Rights Movement -- Women as Primary Formal Leaders -- Fannie Lou Hamer and the MFDP -- Gloria Richardson and the Cambridge Nonviolent Action Committee -- Women Bridge Leaders and Formal Male Leaders in Conflict -- Women, Collective Styles, and the SCLC -- Women Bridge Leaders and CORE -- Conclusion -- TEN: The Movement Unravels from the Bottom -- Primary Formal Leaders, Compromise, and Disillusionment -- The Rise of the Black Power Movement -- Women and the Loss of Free Spaces -- The Collapse of the Bridging Tier within the Social Movement Sector -- Conclusion -- ELEVEN: Theoretical Conclusions -- Black Women as Leaders, Not Just Organizers -- Emotion and Spontaneity in Social Movements -- Organizational Forms, Mobilizing Structures, and Charismatic Leaders -- Political Opportunities and Outcomes -- EPILOGUE: Lessons from Our Past -- Appendix A: The Study -- Appendix B: Interviews -- Appendix C: Archives and Primary Sources -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Y -- Z.