Contents -- Introduction: The Plenitude of Medieval Angelology -- PART I: SCRIPTURE, THE FOUNDATION OF ANGELOLOGY -- ONE: The Length of Scripture 1: Sacred History and the Creation -- The Angels of History -- The Creation and Fall: Controversies and Orthodox Consensus -- TWO: The Length of Scripture 2: Angels, Israel, and the Church -- Angels and Humans Before the Presentation of the Law: Appearance and Iconography, Bodies, Personhood, and Number -- Angels, the Law, and Israel: Worshippers, Guardians, Punishers -- Angels and the Incarnation: Subordination to Christ and Mary -- Angels and the Church: Continuing Ministries, Paradigms for Church and State -- Angels and the Last Judgment -- THREE: The Depth and Height of Scripture -- Allegories, Typologies, and the Angels' Permeation of the Reader's World -- The Angelic Hierarchies -- The Individual Orders and their Diverse Ministries -- The Hierarchies and the Medieval Church -- Conclusion to Part I: The Beauty and Propriety of the Angels -- PART II: ANGELS, THE PHILOSOPHER, AND THE UNIVERSITY: THE NATURE OF THE ANGELS -- FOUR: Scholasticism and the Transformation of Angelology -- The Quaestio and the New Methods of Angelology -- The Renewed Interest in Nature and Metaphysics -- The Sentences and the Professional Study of the Angels -- FIVE: The Angelic Nature in the Thirteenth Century: The Flowering of Medieval Angelology -- Hylomorphism: Are Angels Composed of Form and Matter? -- Personhood and Knowledge -- Love, Joy, and Sorrow -- Location and Motion -- Conclusion to Part II: Condemnations, Nominalism, and Completion -- PART III: ANGELS AND RELIGIOUS ORDERS -- SIX: Monks and Mendicants -- Angels, Monks, and the Angelic Gaze -- St. Francis, His Poor Men, and Angels -- SEVEN: Franciscan Angelology and the Crises of the Franciscan Order -- Bonaventure's Defense of His Order in Paris.

Joachim of Fiore, the Apocalypse, and the Angels of History -- Gerard of Borgo San Donino and the Revolutionary Possibilities of Angelology -- The Roles of Angelology in the Eschatological Roles of Francis and the Franciscans -- The Collationes in Hexaemeron: The Great Angelological Synthesis -- Conclusion to Part III: Angelic Popes, Franciscans, and Condemnations -- PART IV: ANGELS AND THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH -- EIGHT: Birth, Maturation, and the Regular Religious Practices of Adults -- Conception, Demonic Assaults, and the Guardian Angel -- Baptism and Joining the Angelic Community -- Chastity, Marriage, or Intramarital Chastity -- Regular Devotional Practices -- Prayers and the Mediation of Angels -- Marian Devotion and the Importance of Gabriel -- Responding to Angels: Dulia or Latria -- "Magic" and the Intercession of Spirits -- The Mass: Sensing the Angelic Presence -- The Feast of St. Michael and Annual Religious Practices -- Hymns, Sermons, Pilgrimages, and Relics -- Drama: The Enacting of Angelology -- Confession and the Roles of Angels in Penance -- Women and Angels: Different from Men's Experiences? -- NINE: Exceptional Practices of Adults, Death, and Resurrection -- Dreams and Visions: Revelations of Power, Authority, and Danger -- Mysticism and the Ecstasy of the Angels -- Warfare, Crusading Ideals, and the Protection of Angels -- Death and Resurrection -- Conclusion: The Harvest of Medieval Angelology -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- Index of Names and Subjects -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- P -- O -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Photos.